Even though the Middle Ages (an era dominated by religion) have passed and we claim our present era as an era of rationality and science, nothing has changed in reality. People are simply changing their previous worship, obedience, and belief in Christ to science, freedom, or even celebrities. Science has become the new belief, and the Scientists have become the new “god”. Our desire for faith has never changed. "If atheism spread, it would become a religion as intolerable as any of the ancient ones" (p. #). La Révolution Française et la Psychologie des Révolutions (1912); The Psychology of Revolution (1913) Audiobook available; The French Revolution and the Psychology of Revolution (1980). Sometimes, a crowd will be guilty of murder, arson, and all kinds of crimes. In this sense, the crowd seems to have a very low moral standard. But sometimes, a crowd may also display good qualities, such as altruism, sacrifice, and devotion. We can say that this sort of crowd has a high sense of morality. Crowds also play the role of providing moral education for individuals. Even in a crowd of extremely vicious people, an individual can temporarily show strict moral discipline just because he or she is a member of the crowd. For example, in the “September massacres” in Paris, criminals who found wallets and jewels on the victims put the items neatly on the conference table instead of taking them for themselves, even though they could have easily done so. From this, we can see that crowds could have both high and low moral standards. Betts, Raymond F. (1960), Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890-1914, U of Nebraska Press

How numerous are the crowds that have heroically faced death for beliefs, ideas, and phrases that they scarcely understood!”( The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind – Gustave Le Bon) Enseignements Psychologiques de la Guerre Européenne (1915); The Psychology of the Great War (1916)

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George Lachmann Mosse claimed that fascist theories of leadership that emerged during the 1920s owed much to Le Bon's theories of crowd psychology. Adolf Hitler is known to have read The Crowd and in Mein Kampf drew on the propaganda techniques proposed by Le Bon. [46] [47] Benito Mussolini also made a careful study of Le Bon. [48] Some commentators have drawn a link between Le Bon and Vladimir Lenin/the Bolsheviks. [49] Sills, David L. (1968). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Macmillan. p. 82. ISBN 9780028661520. The nature of crowds has long been a topic of interest in philosophy. However, the 18 th and 19 th centuries were a time when an increased emphasis was placed on understanding the psychology of crowds. For example, the 18th century philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau proclaimed that “…we have a very imperfect knowledge of the human heart if we do not also examine it in crowds.” Civilisations as yet have only been created and directed by a small intellectual aristocracy, never by crowds. Crowds are only powerful for destruction. Their rule is always tantamount to a barbarian phase. A civilisation involves fixed rules, discipline, a passing from the instinctive to the rational state, forethought for the future, an elevated degree of culture — all of them conditions that crowds, left to themselves, have invariably shown themselves incapable of realising. In consequence of the purely destructive nature of their power crowds act like those microbes which hasten the dissolution of enfeebled or dead bodies. When the structure of a civilisation is rotten, it is always the masses that bring about its downfall.

a b Jaap van Ginneken. Crowds, psychology, and politics, 1871-1899. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. 130. the contrary, descend to a very low level. 4. THE INTOLERANCE, DICTATORIALNESS AND CONSERVATISM OF CROWDS. Drury, John; Scott, Clifford (2015). Crowds in the 21st Century: Perspectives from Contemporary Social Science. Routledge. p.169. ISBN 978-1138922914. Le Bon believes that among the five remote factors, race must be placed in the first rank. Race is the most effective factor affecting the psychological characteristics of crowds. Crowds made up by different races differ greatly in their characters. For example, a crowd made up of Chinese people and a crowd made up of French people will show very different crowd psychological characteristics. Another example is the difference between the Japanese, who value strictness, and the Brazilian who value unrestraint All these suggest that racial traits play a significant role in determining the psychological characteristics of a given crowd. Zu den erläuterten Themenkreisen des Buches gehören die Geschichte der Massenpsychologie, psychologische Erläuterungsversuche, die Faktoren Gefühle, Beeinflussbarkeit und Einseitigkeit, die Ideen, Urteile und Einbildungskraft von Menschengruppen, religiöse Motive, Einfluss von Politik, Schule und Überlieferungen, die Macht von Worten und Bildern zur Manipulation, den Unterschied zwischen veränderlichen und unveränderlichen Meinungen und Grundanschauungen, eine Einteilung der Massen in gleich/ungleichartige sowie verbrecherische. Und die, aus erwähnten Punkten resultierende Einflusswirkung auf Rechtssprechung, Wahlverhalten und Parlamentsversammlungen.Freud extensively quotes Le Bon, who explains that the state of the individual in the crowd is "hypnotic", with which Freud agrees. He adds that the contagion and the higher suggestibility are different kinds of change of the individual in the mass. [5] Environment, circumstances, and events represent the social suggestions of the moment. They may have a considerable influence, but this influence is always momentary if it be contrary to the suggestions of the race; that is, to those which are inherited by a nation from the entire series of its ancestors…The biological sciences have been transformed since embryology has shown the immense influence of the past on the evolution of living beings; and the historical sciences will not undergo a less change when this conception has become more widespread. As yet it is not sufficiently general, and many statesmen are still no further advanced than the theorists of the last century, who believed that a society could break off with its past and be entirely recast on lines suggested solely by the light of reason.

period of decadence for the Latin peoples. CHAPTER II THE IMMEDIATE FACTORS OF THE OPINIONS OF CROWDS

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De la mort apparente et des inhumations prématurées (1866); ("Apparent Death and Premature Burials") Goodreads (забравила съм кой, така че това ще му спести срама) се оплака, че "Психология на тълпите" била доста повърхностна книга - в смъсъл казвала само базови неща и нищо по-сложно. Идеше ми веднага да го разпердушиня, но отчетох, че е редно преди това да се запозная с текста... в крайна сметка никой не е безгрешен, а и вижданията в науката се изменят с времето. И се захванах. И я завърших 2 години по-късно*. И всъщност май не съжалявам за това, защото при втория опит за прочитане бях по-добре хуманитарно подготвена. Kedourie, Sylvia (1962). Arab Nationalism: An Anthology. Cambridge University Press. p. 182. ISBN 9780520026452. All our political economists are highly educated, being for the most part professors or academicians, yet is there a single general question — protection, bimetallism — on which they have succeeded in agreeing? The explanation is that their science is only a very attenuated form of our universal ignorance. With regard to social problems, owing to the number of unknown quantities they offer, men are substantially, equally ignorant. In consequence, were the electorate solely composed of persons stuffed with sciences their votes would be no better than those emitted at present. They would be guided in the main by their sentiments and by party spirit. We should be spared none of the difficulties we now have to contend with, and we should certainly be subjected to the oppressive tyranny of castes.

Swiderski, Richard M. (2012). X-Ray Vision: A Way of Looking. Universal-Publishers. p.67. ISBN 9781612331089.

Nye, Robert (1975), The Origins of Crowd Psychology – Gustave Le Bon and the Crisis of Mass Democracy in the Third Republic, Sage Eley, Geoff (2008). Citizenship and National Identity in Twentieth-century Germany. Stanford University Press. p.284. By the mere fact that he forms part of an organised crowd, a man descends several rungs in the ladder of civilisation. Isolated, he may be a cultivated individual; in a crowd, he is a barbarian — that is, a creature acting by instinct. He possesses the spontaneity, the violence, the ferocity, and also the enthusiasm and heroism of primitive beings, whom he further tends to resemble by the facility with which he allows himself to be impressed by words and images — which would be entirely without action on each of the isolated individuals composing the crowd — and to be induced to commit acts contrary to his most obvious interests and his best-known habits. An individual in a crowd is a grain of sand amid other grains of sand, which the wind stirs up at will. He then released Psychologie des Temps Nouveaux (1920) before resigning from his position as Professor of Psychology and Allied Sciences at the University of Paris and retiring to his home.