a b Shehan, Constance L. (2018). Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender. Gale, Cengage Learning. pp.1–5. ISBN 9781535861175.

Levant, Ronald F. (1996). "The new psychology of men". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 27 (3): 259–265. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.27.3.259. Halberstam, Judith. In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives. New York: New York University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8147-3584-3& 0814735851Halberstam lectures in the United States and internationally on queer failure, sex and media, subcultures, visual culture, gender variance, popular film and animation. Halberstam is currently working on several projects including a book on fascism and (homo)sexuality. [2] a b Raj, Adharsh; Goswami, Manash Pratim (June 2020). " 'Is Macho the In-thing?' Effects of the Representation of Masculinity in Bollywood Cinema on Youngsters". Global Media Journal: Indian Edition. 12 (1): 1–24. Levtov, Ruti Galia; Barker, Gary; Contreras-Urbina, Manuel; Heilman, Brian; Verma, Ravi (6 November 2014). "Pathways to Gender-equitable Men: Findings from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey in Eight Countries". Men and Masculinities. 17 (5): 467–501. doi: 10.1177/1097184X14558234. S2CID 145452643. Tacitus presented the Germanic warrior Arminius as a masculine hero in his account of ancient Germany whose already violent nature was further heightened by the abduction of his beloved wife Thusnelda by the Roman general Germanicus. In his rage Arminius demanded war against the Roman empire. [26] [27] [28] [29] Medieval and Victorian eras [ edit ] Beowulf fighting the dragon

Grazian, David (2007). "The Girl Hunt: Urban Nightlife and the Performance of Masculinity as Collective Activity". Symbolic Interaction. 30 (2): 221–243. doi: 10.1525/si.2007.30.2.221. Walsh, Fintan (2010). Male trouble: masculinity and the performance of crisis. Basingstoke, Hampshire England New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781349368242. Some social scientists conceptualize masculinity (and femininity) as a performance. [51] [52] [53] Gender performances may not necessarily be intentional and people may not even be aware of the extent to which they are performing gender, as one outcome of lifelong gender socialization is the feeling that one's gender is "natural" or biologically-ordained. Wenner, Lawrence A. (1991), " One part alcohol, one part sport, one part dirt, stir gently: beer commercials and television sports", in Vande Berg, Leah R.; Wenner, Lawrence A., eds. (1 January 1991). Television criticism: Approaches and applications. New York: Longman. ISBN 9780801305801. Halberstam, Judith (2004). " 'Female masculinity' ". In Kimmel, Michael S.; Aronson, Amy (eds.). Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp.294–5. ISBN 978-1-57-607774-0.

About the contributors

Ferrante, Joan (January 2010). Sociology: A Global Perspective (7thed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. pp.269–272. ISBN 978-0-8400-3204-1. Solomon-Godeau, Abigail (1997). Male trouble: a crisis in representation. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500280379. In Female Masculinity (1998), Halberstam seeks to identify what constitutes masculinity within society and the individual. The text first suggests that masculinity is a construction that promotes particular brands of male-ness while at the same time subordinating "alternative masculinities." The project specifically focuses on the ways female masculinity has been traditionally ignored in academia and society at large. To illustrate a cultural mechanism of subordinating alternative masculinities, Halberstam brings up James Bond and GoldenEye as an example, noting that gender performance in this film is far from what is traditional: M is the character who "most convincingly performs masculinity," Bond can only perform masculinity through his suave clothing and gadgets, and Q can be read "as a perfect model of the interpenetration of queer and dominant regimes." This interpretation of these characters challenges long-held ideas about what qualities create masculinity. [6] Halberstam also brings up the example of the tomboy, a clear case of a youthful girl exerting masculine qualities—and raises the complication that within a youthful figure, the idea of masculinity expressed within a female body is less threatening, and only becomes threatening when those masculine tendencies are still apparent as the child progresses in age. Galdas, Paul M.; Cheater, Francine M.; Marshall, Paul (March 2005). "Men and health help-seeking behaviour: Literature review". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 49 (6): 616–623. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03331.x. PMID 15737222. Richards, Jeffrey (1999). "From Christianity to Paganism: The New Middle Ages and the Values of 'Medieval' Masculinity". Cultural Values. 3 (2): 213–234. doi: 10.1080/14797589909367162.

a b Lesch, Elmien; Kelapile, Chandapiwa (December 2016). " "In My Dream She Finds Me…And She Wants Me Just the Way I Am": Fatherhood Experiences of Unmarried Men in South Africa". Men and Masculinities. 19 (5): 503–523. doi: 10.1177/1097184X15601476. ISSN 1097-184X. S2CID 142050341. Morioka, Masahiro (September 2013). "A phenomenological study of "Herbivore Men" ". The Review of Life Studies. 4: 1–20. Pdf. Halberstam, Judith (1998). "Preface". In Halberstam, Judith (ed.). Female Masculinity. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. xi. ISBN 9780822322436. a b Steedman, Carolyn (1992), " Culture, cultural studies and the historians", in Grossberg, Lawrence; Nelson, Cary; Treichler, Paula, eds. (1992). Cultural studies. New York: Routledge. p. 617. ISBN 9780415903455.a b c Beynon, John (2002), "Masculinities and the notion of 'crisis' ", in Beynon, John (ed.), Masculinities and culture, Philadelphia: Open University Press, pp.75–97, ISBN 978-0-335-19988-4 Alewell, Dorothea (7 October 2013). "Be successful – be male and masculine? On the influence of gender roles on objective career success". Evidence-based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. 1 (2): 147–168. doi: 10.1108/EBHRM-10-2012-0014. Bible Gateway passage: 1 Kings 2:2 - King James Version". biblegateway.com. Bible Gateway . Retrieved 29 September 2017.

Strate, Lance (1989). "The mediation of nature and culture in beer commercials". New Dimensions in Communications, Proceedings of the 47th Annual New York State Speech Communication Association Conference III. 1989: 92–95. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017. Kindlon, Dan; Thompson, Michael (2000), "The road not taken: turning boys away from their inner life", in Kindlon, Dan; Thompson, Michael (eds.), Raising Cain: protecting the emotional life of boys, New York: Ballantine Books, pp.1–20, ISBN 9780345434852. Kimmel, Michael (2012) [1996]. Manhood in America: A Cultural History (3rded.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199781553. Kawakami, Christine; White, Judith B.; Langer, Ellen J. (January 2000). "Mindful and Masculine: Freeing Women Leaders From the Constraints of Gender Roles". Journal of Social Issues. 56 (1): 49–63. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00151. Galdas, Paul M.; Cheater, Francine M. (2010). "Indian and Pakistani men's accounts of seeking medical help for cardiac chest pain in the United Kingdom: constructions of marginalised masculinity or another version of hegemonic masculinity?". Qualitative Research in Psychology. 7 (2): 122–139. doi: 10.1080/14780880802571168. S2CID 143576618.

Sociology

King, Brian W. (2017). "Querying heteronormativity among transnational Pasifika teenagers in New Zealand: An Oceanic approach to language and masculinity". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 21 (3): 442–464. doi: 10.1111/josl.12237. ISSN 1467-9841. The crisis has also been attributed to the questioning of male dominance and rights granted to men solely on the basis of sex following the feminist movement. [132] :83–86 British sociologist John MacInnes wrote that "masculinity has always been in one crisis or another", suggesting that the crises arise from the "fundamental incompatibility between the core principle of modernity that all human beings are essentially equal (regardless of their sex) and the core tenet of patriarchy that men are naturally superior to women and thus destined to rule over them". [133] Butler, Judith (2006) [1990]. Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. New York London: Routledge.