Whitaker R.; Whitaker N. (2008). "Who's got the biggest?". Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter. 27 (4): 26–30. Champion, G., & Downs, C. T. (2015). Spatial distribution responses of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) to temporal habitat changes in Pongolapoort Dam, KwaZulu-Natal. The Ecology of Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Pongolapoort Dam, Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 49.

The name later was extended to related species in India, the Americas, etc. The crocodile tears story, figurative of false or simulated grief, was in English from at least c. 1400. Related: Crocodilian; crocodiline.

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Crocodiles are cleverer than previously thought: Some crocodiles use lures to hunt their prey". ScienceDaily. 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Cott, H.B. (1961). "Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile ( Crocodilus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia". The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 29 (4): 211–356. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1961.tb00220.x. Saltwater Crocodile, Saltwater Crocodile Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News – National Geographic". Animals.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 16 March 2010. Hekkala, E. R.; Amato, G.; DeSalle, R. & Blum, M. J. (2009). "Molecular assessment of population differentiation and individual assignment potential of Nile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus) populations". Conservation Genetics. 11 (4): 1435. doi: 10.1007/s10592-009-9970-5. S2CID 9053740.

Further information: Crocodilia §Cultural_depictions Statue of Sobek from the mortuary temple of Amenemhat III c. 1810 BC. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Brooklyn Museum – Plaque from Cocle, Panama, with Crocodile Deity, ca. 700–900.,33.448.12 Crocodilian Biology Database - FAQ - How long do crocodiles live for?". Crocodilian.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013. Reptiles and amphibians - Species we work with at TRAFFIC". www.traffic.org . Retrieved 10 January 2019. a b c d e f g Graham, A. D. (1968). The Lake Rudolf Crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti) Population. Masters of Science Thesis, The University of East Africa.a b "Crocodile at Russian zoo dies; on display since czars". The News–Journal. Vol.70, no.47. Daytona Beach, Florida: News–Journal Corporation. Associated Press. 16 February 1995. Martin H. Manser, Turton and Nigel D. Turton Advanced Learner's Dictionary, p. 164, at Google Books Wroe, S.; Huber, D. R.; Lowry, M.; McHenry, C.; Moreno, K.; Clausen, P.; Ferrara, T. L.; Cunningham, E.; Dean, M. N.; Summers, A. P. (2008). "Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 276 (4): 336–342. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

Explainer Nihang Sikh sect in spotlight again after Singhu killing". The Federal. 15 October 2021 . Retrieved 29 August 2023. Quan les cries han nascut, la femella es queda al seu costat per protegir-los ja que és molt gelosa amb els seus fills i fins i tot és capaç d'ajudar a néixer mossegant la closca però sense malmetre la vida que hi hagi a dins. Totes les cries les porta a l'aigua on, el primer any de vida, només uns quants sobreviuran i arribaran a adults. Les amenaces de l'espècie A total of 18 extant species have been recognized. Further genetic study is needed for the confirmation of proposed species under the genus Osteolaemus. The word crocodile comes from the Ancient Greek krokódilos ( κροκόδιλος) meaning 'lizard', used in the phrase ho krokódilos tou potamoú, "the lizard of the ( Nile) river". There are several variant Greek forms of the word attested, including the later form krokódeilos ( κροκόδειλος) [4] found cited in many English reference works. [5] In the Koine Greek of Roman times, krokodilos and krokodeilos would have been pronounced identically, and either or both may be the source of the Latinized form crocodīlus used by the ancient Romans. It has been suggested, but it is not certain that the word crocodilos or crocodeilos is a compound of krokè ('pebbles'), and drilos/dreilos ('worm'), although drilos is only attested as a colloquial term for 'penis'. [5] It is ascribed to Herodotus, and supposedly describes the basking habits of the Egyptian crocodile. [6]Wood, Gerald L. (1982). The Guinness book of animal facts and feats (3rded.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives. p.98. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9. Pooley, A. C. (2009). "Nest opening response of the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus". Journal of Zoology. 182: 17–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04137.x. Crocodilian Biology Database, FAQ. FLMNH.ufl.edu, "How long do crocodiles live for?" [ sic] Adam Britton. a b c "Crocodile | Define Crocodile at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013.

Crocodylidae is cladistically defined as a crown group composed of the last common ancestor of the Nile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus), the Dwarf crocodile ( Osteolaemus tetraspis), and all of its descendants. [90] It contains two subfamilies: Crocodylinae and Osteolaeminae. [91] Crocodylinae contains 13-14 living species, as well as 6 extinct species. Osteolaeminae was named by Christopher Brochu in 2003 as a subfamily of Crocodylidae separate from Crocodylinae, [92] and contains the two extant genera Osteolaemus and Mecistops, along with several extinct genera. The number of extant species within Osteolaeminae is currently in question. [19] Crocodile farming in Australia Crocodiles in Costa Rica American crocodile at La Manzanilla, Jalisco, Mexico A skull of the extinct Voay robustus Conservation organizations have determined that the main threats to Nile crocodiles, in turn, are loss of habitat, pollution, hunting, and human activities such as accidental entanglement in fishing nets. [25] Though the Nile crocodile has been hunted since ancient times, [123] the advent of the readily available firearm made it much easier to kill these potentially dangerous reptiles. [9] The species began to be hunted on a much larger scale from the 1940s to the 1960s, primarily for high-quality leather, although also for meat with its purported curative properties. The population was severely depleted, and the species faced extinction. National laws, and international trade regulations have resulted in a resurgence in many areas, and the species as a whole is no longer wholly threatened with extinction. The status of Nile crocodiles was variable based on the regional prosperity and extent of conserved wetlands by the 1970s. [124] However, as is the case for many large animal species whether they are protected or not, persecution and poaching have continued apace and between the 1950s and 1980s, an estimated 3 million Nile crocodiles were slaughtered by humans for the leather trade. [22] In Lake Sibaya, South Africa, it was determined that in the 21st century, persecution continues as the direct cause for the inability of Nile crocodiles to recover after the leather trade last century. [125] Recovery for the species appears quite gradual and few areas have recovered to bear crocodile populations, i.e. largely insufficient to produce sustainable populations of young crocodiles, on par with times prior to the peak of leather trading. [102] Crocodile 'protection programs' are artificial environments where crocodiles exist safely and without the threat of extermination from hunters. [64] Large adults in captivity, Djerba, Tunisia Nile crocodiles in captivity, Israel According to Bourquin (2008), the average breeding female in southern Africa is between 3 and 3.6m (9ft 10in and 11ft 10in). [101] Earlier studies support that breeding is often inconsistent in females less than 3m (9ft 10in) and clutch size is smaller, a female at 2.75m (9ft 0in) reportedly never lays more than 35 eggs, while a female measuring 3.64m (11ft 11in) can expect a clutch of up to 95 eggs. [10] [9] In "stunted" newly mature females from Lake Turkana measuring 1.83m (6ft 0in), the average clutch size was only 15. [48] [57] Graham and Beard (1968) hypothesized that, while females do continue to grow as do males throughout life, that past a certain age and size that females much over 3.2m (10ft 6in) in length in Lake Turkana no longer breed (supported by the physiology of the females examined here); however, subsequent studies in Botswana and South Africa have found evidence of nesting females at least 4.1m (13ft 5in) in length. [57] [101] [103] In the Olifants River in South Africa, rainfall influenced the size of nesting females as only larger females (greater than 3m (9ft 10in)) nested during the driest years. Breeding females along the Olifants were overall larger than those in Zimbabwe. [103] Most females nest only every two to three years while mature males may breed every year. [14] [101] Nuwer, Rachel. "Solving an Alligator Mystery May Help Humans Regrow Lost Teeth". Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2013.

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Below is a more detailed cladogram of Crocodylidae, based on a 2021 study using paleogenomics that extracted DNA from the extinct Voay. [91] Crocodylidae a b c d e f g Somaweera, R.; Brien, M. & Shine, R. (2013). "The role of predation in shaping crocodilian natural history". Herpetological Monographs. 27: 23–51. doi: 10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-11-00001. S2CID 86167446. Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1972). Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation. Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles. p.195. ISBN 978-0-7153-5272-4. At the time of hatching, the young start calling within the eggs. They have an egg-tooth at the tip of their snouts, which is developed from the skin, and that helps them pierce out of the shell. Hearing the calls, the female usually excavates the nest and sometimes takes the unhatched eggs in her mouth, slowly rolling the eggs to help the process. The young is usually carried to the water in the mouth. She would then introduce her hatchlings to the water and even feed them. [81] The mother would then take care of her young for over a year before the next mating season. In the absence of the mother crocodile, the father would act in her place to take care of the young. [82] However, even with a sophisticated parental nurturing, young crocodiles have a very high mortality rate due to their vulnerability to predation. [83] A group of hatchlings is called a pod or crèche and may be protected for months. [78] Cognition