Epithelium: The outermost layer composed of simple columnar epithelium, both glandular and ciliated, resting on a thin basement membrane. The epiglottis closes off the larynx to prevent food from entering the airway. The vocal cords are also adducted as an additional protective measure. The cloaca is a small, sac-like terminal part located at the posterior end of the body. It serves as a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts open. Specifically, both the anus and the urinogenital apertures open into the cloaca. The cloaca itself opens to the outside environment through the vent or cloacal aperture.

Before exploring the ins and outs of the digestive system, let’s brush up on the vocabulary. Knowing the words associated with the digestive process will make learning about it a piece of cake.Mouth: The mouth of a frog is wide, allowing for the consumption of large prey relative to its size. It is the entry point to the alimentary canal. Squeeze out the remaining liquid. This is all the nutrients your body needs to function properly and collect it all up in the bowl. Squash all the remaining moisture and nutrients out using the tea towel, just like the large intestine does. Function - secretion of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid + sodium chloride + pepsine) that digests proteins and converts bolus to chyme Following the small intestine is the large intestine, which is shorter and wider. The large intestine’s primary role is to absorb water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter and to compact the waste into feces. The alimentary canal’s wall is histologically organized into four concentric layers. From the innermost to the outermost, these layers are:

Cells lining the stomach produce this highly acidic fluid, and the enzymes present commence the chemical breakdown of the protein component of the food. Eventually, the food is reduced to a creamy paste known as chyme. Sigmoid colon - contracts to increase pressure inside the colon, causing the stool to move into the rectum The Digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical processes as the food is broken down into smaller components. The swallowing reflex allows food from the mouth to be moved into the oesophagus. Here, waves of muscular contractions known as peristalsis move food down this thin-walled tube to a muscular bag known as the stomach. Contains structures that start digestion: teeth (choping the food), salivary glands (secrete saliva that contain enzymes that start chemical digestion of sugar and fats), tongue ( detects taste, pushes bolus towards the pharynx) Probiotics support the numbers of helpful microorganisms in your gut. They also aid in nutrient absorption in the small intestine and help break down your food. There is growing evidence to suggest that probiotic supplementation may play a role in supporting immune health, too.

A structure at the bottom of the stomach known as the pyloric sphincter controls the entry of chyme into the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. Ducts from the gall bladder and pancreas feed fluids rich in bile salts and digestive enzymes into the duodenum. In addition, some of the cells lining the small intestine produce a fluid known as ‘succus entericus’ made up mostly of water, mucus and sodium bicarbonate. The digestive system of a frog is a complex structure designed specifically for its dietary needs and lifestyle. This system is essential for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. Therefore, understanding its components and functions is crucial for a comprehensive knowledge of frog biology. The alimentary canal of a frog is a critical component of its digestive system, serving as the pathway through which food is ingested, digested, and excreted. This canal is a complete, long, and coiled tube with varying diameters, extending from the mouth to the cloaca. It is comprised of several distinct sections, each with a specific function in the digestive process. Peristalsis helps pump chyme into the small intestine while you eat. Once your meal is over, stomach acid secretion comes to a halt. But there may be excess acid. When too much gastric juice remains in the stomach after a meal, irritation of the stomach lining can occur. To protect itself, the stomach adjusts acid production to stay healthy and keep you comfortable. Primary organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (colon), rectum and anal canal