Anatomy of the Horse: with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg

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A planar, extensive, oval shaped joint that is obliquely oriented in transverse plane. The cranial articular processes face dorsomedially and the caudal articular processes face ventrolaterally. Spinous process height increases caudally from C6. Lateral flexion is the primary motion at these joints (25-45 degrees each joint - C1/C2 only has 3.9 degrees of lateral flexion). [6] Ligaments [ edit | edit source ] The genioglossus m. is found at the ventral floor of the tongue and originates on the inside of the chin (near the mandibular symphysis) or the genial tubercle, hence the name genio-glossus, from chin to tongue. George Stubbs (British, 1724–1806). Three plates from The Anatomy of the Horse , 1766. Plates: etching; 18 1/4 x 23 in. (46.4 x 58.4 cm). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of Lincoln Kirstein, 1953 (53.599.1bis) Denoix, J. and Pailloux, J., 2011b. Treatment by Anatomical area. In: J. Denoix and J. Pailloux, ed., Physical Therapy and Massage of the Horse, 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, pp.175-180. Cook FRCVS PhD, Robert (2008), Shoeing your horse is like foot binding your daughter, Veterinary Times, p.8, archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2017 , retrieved 23 August 2011

Caudal articular processes face ventrally and are positioned at the base of the spinous process. The cranial articular processes are oval facets on the arch of the vertebra and face dorsally. Each thoracic vertebrae has a pair of costal facets on the dorsal body (except the last) forming the costal fovea. [1] The domestic horse Equus caballus is a sociable or herd-living animal, which, as its wild ancestors might have fallen prey to many different carnivorous species, still retains its primitive instinct to run. The horse has the ability to move very fast, an aspect that has been further developed by selective breeding. Much of its musculoskeletal system is The inner lining of the palpebrae and the sclera of the eye is called conjunctiva, and the cavity created by the lining between the sclera and the palpebrae is called the conjuctival sac. The conjuctiva on the inside of the eyelids is called palpebral conjuctiva, while the conjuctiva lining the eye itself is called bulbar conjuctiva. The junction at which the two layers meet is called the fornix. While RUMINANTS have 3 upper and lower premolar teeth, small CAMELIDS have only 2 upper premolar teeth and one lower premolar tooth (on each side). Old world CAMELIDS have an additional premolar tooth in the space between the canine teeth and the cheek teeth.

In ungulates, the paranasal sinuses are relatively large. Ungulates need a large head functionally, to allow attachment for the of muscles of mastication, but there is a balance with how dense and solid the bony skull can be. The sinuses allow for the large head to be lighter. OSU Extension Catalog - Oregon State University" (PDF). extension.oregonstate.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 May 2018. FIG. 25.2 Superficial dissection of the head, bovine. 1, Masseter; 2, zygomaticus; 3, buccinator; 4, facial vein; 5 and 6, dorsal and ventral buccal branches of facial nerve, respectively; 7, auriculotemporal nerve; 8, cornual nerve; 9, infraorbital nerve; 10, parotid duct and facial artery and vein; 11, parotid gland; 12, mandibular salivary gland; 13, parotid lymph node; 14, lateral retropharyngeal lymph node; 15, spinal accessory nerve; 16, maxillary vein; 17, external jugular vein; 18, linguofacial vein; 19, common carotid artery; 20, (sub) mandibular lymph node; 21, cornual diverticulum of frontal sinus. TVA The muscles of mastication are innervated by the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve CNV. [1] Muscle

On the rostrolateral aspect of the mandible there is the mental foramen where the inferior alveolar branch emerges as the mental n. (Figs. 14B-1, 3). RUMINANTS – The upper (i.e., maxillary) incisors (I) and canine (C) teeth are absent and are replaced by a dental pad. (Fig. 25-18) Andrews, F. M.; Buchanan, B. R.; Elliot, S. B.; Clariday, N. A.; Edwards, L. H. (2005). "Gastric ulcers in horses". J. Anim. Sci. 83 (13): E18–E21. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. As mentioned, the facial a. is near the ventral edge of the mandible, and the pulse is palpable at this location. (Fig. 18-40)The thymus gland and bone marrow are the location where white blood cells are produced while the spleen, lymph nodes, and liver trap microorganisms and foreign invaders. They also serve as a place for the immune cells to interact, collect, and generate an immune response when needed. The primary function of the immune system is to defend the body from foreign invaders or abnormal cells. The HORSE “ roars” because air rushes into the ventricles, which when full of air push the vocal folds medially causing the glottis to narrow. The result is an inspiratory dyspnea (i.e., difficult breathing) and a roaring sound from the narrowed glottis. This typically is only a problem when the horse is exerted.

A medial retropharyngeal lymph node is found on the ventral surface of the pouch (note image above with abscess of the lymph node). The nasogastric tube first passes through an external nare, enters the nasal cavity, and should be kept in the ventral nasal meatus. The tube has measurements indicated, and the distance from the nostril to the eye helps measure the amount of tube needed to reach to the nasopharynx. The muscles of facial expressions are innervated by the motor fibers of CNVII (facial nerve). [1] Muscle Coronet or coronary band: the ring of soft tissue just above the horny hoof that blends into the skin of the legThis ligament connects the thoracic vertebra to the head and assists in supporting its weight. It consists of two paired parts: [1] Figure above. Dissection of Viborg’s triangle. 1, linguofacial vein; 2, external jugular vein; 3, sternocephalicus/sternomandibularis m.; 4, sternocephalicus tendon; 5, parotid salivary gland reflected off the sternocephalicus tendon but covering the maxillary vein; 6, mastoid part of the brachiocephalicus m.; 7, masseter m.; 8, ventral edge of the mandible; 9, omohyoideus m.; 10, sternohyoideus m.; 11, mandibular salivary gland; 12, cranial deep cervical lymph nodes; 13, (sub) mandibular lymph nodes. (http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab08/Img8-13.html)

At the cranial-most part of the nuchal ligament, two other structures are also commonly found; the cranial and caudal nuchal bursae. The simplified role of each of these bursae is to help the glide of the funicular part of the nuchal ligament over the atlas (cranial nuchal bursa) and axis (caudal). They are not always present and may develop after birth. Figure 1. Horse anatomy – a schematic representation of the 7 cervical vertebrae extending from the base of the skull to the first thoracic vertebrae, where the rib cage begins. Note the difference in shape of the atlas and axis compared with the rest of the vertebrae and rudimentary spinous processes present on the sixth and seventh vertebrae. Also note that the lamellar part of the nuchal ligament does not connect to the first and seventh vertebrae, allowing for more rotation in those regions. Figure 14B-6 Caudal part of equine skull, ventral surface. C, choanae; 1, foramen lacerum; 2, paracondylar process; 3, occipital condyles; 4, hypoglossal canal; 5, petrous temporal bone and tympanic bulla; 6, mastoid process of temporal bone; 7, basioccipital bone; 8, basisphenoid bone; 9-11, Triadan teeth 9-11 ( M1-M3); 12, 12’, vomer; 13, 13’, horizontal and vertical parts of palatine bone; 14, maxillary bone; 14’, palatine foramen; 15, facial tuberosity; 16, articular facet for mandibular condyle; 16’, retroarticular process. The suture line between 7 & 8 is the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (dotted line).

Equine Muscular Structure

In contrast, antlers (in cervids or the deer family) are solid and covered with skin (velvet) rather than horn, but still arise from the frontal bone. Antlers differ from horns in that they are solid and are shed annually after the fall breeding season (the rut).