Kaufman, Carolyn. " Three-Dimensional Villains: Finding Your Character's Shadow." Archetype Writing: The Writer's Guide to Psychology. The shadow aspect of the Self may appear in dreams and visions (i.e., mise-en-scène), [31] [32] in various forms and typically "appears as a person of the same sex as that of the dreamer." [33] :175 The shadow's appearance and role depend greatly on the living experience of the individual because much of the shadow develops in the individual's mind rather than simply being inherited from the collective unconscious. Nevertheless, some Jungians maintain that "the shadow contains, besides the personal shadow, the shadow of society...fed by the neglected and repressed collective values." [34] Kerry Daynes delves into the minds of psychopaths in a fascinating memoir.' Katya Edwards, Daily Mail But individual blindness is hardly the whole story. Another key characteristic of the era of post-truth is the way in which false information spreads. Here is where new technologies, and in particular social networks, come into play: the ability to share and disseminate makes it possible for any belief to turn into “information,” especially as the distinction between them tends to disappear. Walter Quattrociocchi and his team at the IMT School for Advanced Studies in Lucca, Italy, showed how Facebook amplifies the confirmation bias through its “personalized” algorithms. In fact, these algorithms lead to the creation of isolated communities that tend to become polarized, ones whose beliefs are reinforced and become ever more extreme. Buzz Neurons Shadow characteristics are mostly formed by shame. These characteristics are thoughts, desires, wishes, feelings, cravings and urges that one’s own ego does not accept. For example, in the case of sexual taboo, you may have heard that certain behaviors or desires are not acceptable by your family, so you hide them- thus, the urge is cast into the shadow- only to show itself when the environment is safe from judgement, or even repressed away completely.

von Hippel, W. and Trivers, R. (2011). The evolution and psychology of self-deception. Brain and Behavioral Sciences, 34, 1-56.

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Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226-254. So, is the consistency in the magnitude of implicit bias unusual? I would say only to the extent that one assumes that changes in beliefs translate immediately to unconscious processes. And there is good reason to believe this assumption is not valid. Are implicit biases malleable? Previous work has shown that they are but had left unknown whether (1) the reductions in bias were enduring or (2) whether people could use strategies intentionally with the goal of reducing implicit bias. For those who are personally concerned about ridding themselves of bias, the news is good. A little hard work directed intentionally toward the goal of reducing implicit bias can bring unconscious responses in line with conscious intentions and shine light into the darkness. Carl Jung has captured the interest of both academics and spiritual seekers alike. One of his most powerful discoveries was his concept of “The Shadow.” This perspective, however, raises the question of whether people would be motivated to make efforts to rid themselves of unconscious biases if they were made aware of them. And, if motivated, what should they do. For many years, research in my lab showed that self-professed egalitarians struggled with knowledge that they don’t always live up to their egalitarian standards. When confronted with evidence of their bias, they felt guilty. The guilt motivates them to expend effort to understand why they show bias and to be interested in information about reducing bias. This evidence is compelling but indirect. They seemed sincere but would they work at overcoming bias? Yes, they will. When their bias is revealed to them using the IAT, those who are personally motivated to overcome prejudice will spend time on a task they are told will help to eliminate unconscious prejudice. Again, the evidence, though compelling, is indirect – we provided no evidence that implicit prejudice was reduced. More recently, we developed and tested the effectiveness of an intervention designed to (1) increase awareness of implicit bias (2) provide education about the nature of implicit bias (likening implicit to habitual responses) and (3) teach strategies that if practiced would help people reduce the prejudice habit. The goal was to help participants become sensitive to their own implicit biases and then equip them tools to combat the biases. Humphrey, Caroline (2015). "Shadows Along the Spiritual Pathway". Journal of Religion and Health. 54 (6): 2376–2388. doi: 10.1007/s10943-015-0037-2. JSTOR 24735970. PMID 25794547. S2CID 11733262 . Retrieved 2022-06-25. Jung tended to personify the shadow as an autonomous sub-personality[.]

Young-Eisendrath, P. and T. Dawson. 1997. The Cambridge Companion to Jung. Cambridge University Press. p. 319. Jung wrote that if awareness of the projection of the shadow remains repressed, "the projection-making factor (the Shadow archetype) then has a free hand and can realize its object—if it has one—or bring about some other situation characteristic of its power", lending the idea autonomous qualities which can have consequences on the id and the ego. [20] These projections insulate and delude individuals in society by acting as a symbolically deployed barrier between the ego and the ego-less Real. Kerry, who has stepped away from much of this kind of case work and now works with women victims, as well as doing television appearances and motivational speaking, recognises that readers will come to her book 'for the eye-watering stories'. But she wants to send them away with a different message. 'We can all be sensationalised and get incredibly angry, especially when newspapers and politicians are all shouting about the worst things that are happening. But we need to remember to have compassion. In her acclaimed new book, The Dark Side of the MindKerry reveals what she has learnt in 20 years of working closely with extreme behaviour, how it affected and changed her and taught her the value of new beginnings for us all; victims, criminals and for society as a whole. Sometimes, and perhaps more often than we’d care to admit, the mind travels to places we would prefer it didn’t. When under pressure, when pushed to the limit, thinking we can’t take it any more, the dark side of the mind will reveal itself and, in the process, probably scare us half to death. This is a taboo subject - you’ll rarely find mothers or fathers sharing these tales over a drink - and yet how can we talk about examining the human condition without including the darker, harder thoughts? How can we discuss the qualities of acceptance, openness and forgiveness, while ignoring such intimate feelings?Thanks for the fantastic article. I’m wondering what you take to be the main theoretical options for what kind of implicit attitude the IAT reveals. What people actually do on the IAT is associate one concept with another. But we can still ask what kind of underlying psychological state explains that behavior. In my mind this raises two main questions.

The job: to delve into the psyche of convicted men and women to try to understand what lies behind their often brutal actions. Campbell, Joseph, ed. 1971. The Portable Jung, translated by R. F. C. Hull. New York: Penguin Books. Humphrey, Caroline (2015). "Shadows Along the Spiritual Pathway". Journal of Religion and Health. 54 (6): 2376–2388. doi: 10.1007/s10943-015-0037-2. JSTOR 24735970. PMID 25794547. S2CID 11733262 . Retrieved 2022-06-25. Jung construed [...] the collective shadow, an ancestral shadow which [has been] accrued in the course of history in respect of each collectivity [...] both particularistic social groups and the human species as a whole. Kerry Daynes is a registered Consultant Forensic Psychologist with over twenty years' experience of working on the frontline of forensic psychology. She was often invited to act as psychological specialist in major police investigations and as a trusted advisor to the British government regarding the safe management of high-risk individuals. Part of her day job still involves acting as an expert witness in court, for parole boards and training the police. But rather than feeling compromised and frustrated within the system, she now spends the majority of her time trying to affect change from the outside - as an engaging speaker and as an advocate for better conversations around crime, justice and mental health. She is a patron of the National Centre for Domestic Violence and Talking2Minds and, as a victim of stalking herself, acts as a spokeswoman for the Suzy Lamplugh Trust's stalking-related campaigns.

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In another study, Micah Edelson of the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, Israel, and his colleagues showed that changing one’s mind depends on increased activity in a small region called the anterior lateral prefrontal cortex. Yet this activity is inhibited by the combined action of the amygdala and the hippocampus, or the centers of emotion and memory, respectively. The memories and beliefs recorded in our brain appear to have the power to prevent us from changing our mind, especially if they are emotionally laden. Rise of Individualism Second, insofar as the issue above is unsettled, I’d like to urge much more caution in characterizing IAT results in terms of “implicit bias,” especially in cases where those results appear to contradict the subject’s avowed values and attitudes. It cannot be just assumed that the IAT results constitute evidence against the subject’s own reports — in advance of independent evidence, the mismatch could equally well be taken as evidence that the IAT is not tapping into stable or deeply held attitudes. I say this not because I think that we human beings are infallible about our own mental states — demonstrably, there are cases in which our own motivations are opaque to us. But we also know that associations can outlive changes in beliefs and preferences. (Having been an atheist now for nearly forty years, I find I still think “full of grace” to myself whenever I’m introduced to someone named “Mary.”) In cases where a person has devoted a great deal of thought to an issue, or when a person has made a great effort to change her behavior, there is reason to think she knows her own mind, and we should not be casual about contradicting her. The charge of “bias” is incendiary, even if it’s explained that the bias is presumed to be unconscious, and hence not something for which the subject is necessarily responsible. She may be dealing with it but there are undeniable scars from such a career choice. She has two Chow Chow dogs, Fozzchops and Humphrey, because, after enduring years of stalking by a total stranger, 'I wanted to feel safe and Chow Chows are a cross between a bear and lion; protective.' Individuation is a process of transformation whereby the personal and collective unconscious are brought into consciousness (e.g., by means of dreams, active imagination, or free association) to be assimilated into the whole personality. It is a completely natural process necessary for the integration of the psyche… Individuation has a holistic healing effect on the person, both mentally and physically.” Carl Jung A stunning, insightful, provocative piece of work. Wonderfully written and full of honesty. A powerful excavation of the world of a forensic psychologist.’ Barbara Machin, creator and writer of Waking The Dead

A great modern example of this, is the case in the TV Show, Dexter. Dexter is a serial killer who attempts to maintain the appearance of a normal life. Dexter has a lot of trouble with intimate relationships, because he is unable to share his Shadow side (the murderer) with even his closest partners. This repression and hiding of the shadow causes a lot of internal stress for Dexter, and often leads to the dissolution of relationships.Clark, Margaret (2005). Understanding the Self-Ego Relationship in Clinical Practice: Towards Individuation. The Society of Analytical Psychology Monograph Series. Routledge. p.93. ISBN 978-0-367-10552-5. Active imagination is a technique that promotes dialogue between the ego and the self. The ego is deliberately set aside temporarily, and images from the unconscious arise and develop; the ego watches the story unfold as in a theatre, noting plot, characters, setting, dialogue. [...] If the patient is on their own [doing solo-work], it is obviously important that their ego is able to cope with whatever images and affects the self produces [...] the practitioner of active imagination can be overwhelmed by the emerging unconscious material[.] [...] Art therapy and drama therapy are based on the theory of active imagination; images can also be formulated in pottery, or poetry. Of course, we can conduct yet other tests with even younger children who are unable to understand and respond with language. In infants preferences cannot obviously be measured with the procedures used here. Instead they can be measured through reaching, grasping, and looking time. But such measures cannot be meaningfully applied across the life span. And to speak to the question of attitude stability and change over the course of development, we do need the same measure to be applied at all age levels to learn anything of interest about stability versus change.