Urine can be evaluated by its physical appearance (color, cloudiness, odor, clarity), also referred to as a macroscopic analysis. It can be also analyzed based on its chemical and molecular properties, including microscopic assessment. Dip your TestCard UTI strip into your sample. Using the TestCard app on your phone, scan the QR code on the UTI strip

Causes of glycosuria include diabetes mellitus, renal tubular disease and some diabetic medications (e.g. SGLT2 inhibitors). Random specimen: for chemical or microscopic examination, a randomly collected specimen suitable for most screening purposes;In many liver diseases the patients often show signs of pathology only at a late stage. Early diagnosis allows appropriate therapeutic measures to be instituted in good time, avoiding consequential damage and further infections. Semi-quantitative values are usually reported as: trace, 1+, 2+, 3+ and 4+; although tests can also be estimated as milligrams per decilitre. Automated readers of test strips also provide results using units from the International System of Units. [2] Test method [ edit ] a b c d e f Strasinger, Susan K.; Di Lorenzo Schaub, Marjorie (2008). "5". Análisis de orina y de los líquidos corporales (in Spanish) (5ªed.). Editorial panamericana. pp.53–76. ISBN 978-950-06-1938-7 . Retrieved March 13, 2012.

English physician Richard Bright describes the clinical symptom of nephritis in “Reports of Medical Cases.” Urine testing or urinalysis is a valuable tool to screen an patient and diagnose their health status. It provides valuable information about hydration, renal and urinary tracts, liver disease, diabetes mellitus and urinary-tract infections. Urine is formed in the kidneys and, through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion, is how the body gets rid of its natural waste products (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010). Urinalysis is easy to undertake but results must be interpreted correctly. Types of analysisAround 30–40% of type I diabetics and around 20% of type II diabetics suffer in time from a nephropathy, and early recognition of diabetes is therefore of major significance for the further state of health of these patients. Both men and women can get UTIs, but UTIs are more common in women because of the way the bacteria enters the urinary tract. Women have shorter urethras than men, so the bacteria has to travel less distance to the urinary tract to cause an infection. This makes women more prone to UTIs than men. Is cystitis a sexually transmitted infection? a b c Strasinger, Susan K.; Di Lorenzo Schaub, Marjorie (2008). "5". Análisis de orina y de los líquidos corporales (in Spanish) (5ªed.). Editorial panamericana. pp.73–75. ISBN 978-950-06-1938-7 . Retrieved 14 March 2012. The reaction is specific for glucose, as occurs in all enzymatic reactions, but it can provide some false positive results due to the presence of traces of strong oxidising agents or peroxide from disinfectants used on laboratory instruments. [6] Ketone test [ edit ] The detection of urinary bilirubin is an early indication of liver disease and its presence or absence can be used to determine the causes of clinical jaundice.

Self-monitoring with urine test strips under the guidance of a health professional is an effective method for monitoring the disease state. This applies particularly to diabetics, where the idea of self-monitoring of the metabolic status (determinations of glucose and ketones) is self-evident. Urine test strips in the sense used today were first made on industrial scale and offered commercially. The presence of ketones in the urine suggests increased fatty acid metabolism, which occurs during starvation and in conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis.Monitoring disease progression and response to therapy: diabetes related kidney disease, kidney impairment, lupus related kidney disease, blood pressure related kidney disease, kidney infection, proteinuria, and hematuria Goddard J et al (2010) Kidney and urinary tract disease. In: Colledge NR et al (eds) Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine. London: Churchill Livingstone.

Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2010) Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Urine diagnostics makes major progress as reliability improves and test performance becomes progressively easier. Graff, Laurine (1987). "2". Análisis de orina - Atlas Colour (in Spanish) (1ªed.). Ed. Médica Panamericana. p.59. ISBN 978-950-06-0841-1 . Retrieved 14 March 2012. The test for nitrites is a rapid screening method for possible asymptomatic infections caused by nitrate-reducing bacteria. Some of the gram negative bacteria species that most commonly cause urinary tract infections ( Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Proteus) have enzymes that reduce the nitrate present in urine to nitrite. [18] The test is a rapid screen for possible infections by enteric bacteria, but it does not replace the urinalysis tests nor microscopic examination as diagnostic tools, nor subsequent monitoring as many other microorganisms that do not reduce nitrate ( gram positive bacteria and yeasts) can also cause urinary infections. [19] [20] Record the result next to the matching colour on the label - this may be given in the form of '+' signs or numbers.a hot water bottle or hot wheat bag placed between your thighs or on your lower stomach can help ease discomfort or pain Conjugated bilirubin appears in urine when the normal degradation cycle is altered due to the obstruction of the biliary ducts or when the kidney's functional integrity is damaged. This allows the escape of conjugated bilirubin into the circulation as occurs in hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis). During routine screening, if a positive test for leukocytes, blood, protein, nitrite, and a pH greater than 7 is identified, the urine sediment may be microscopically analysed to further pinpoint a diagnosis. Bilirubin is a highly pigmented compound that is a by-product of haemoglobin degradation. The haemoglobin that is released after the mononuclear phagocyte system (located in the liver and spleen) withdraws old red blood cells from circulation is degraded into its components; iron, protoporphyrin and protein. The system's cells convert the protoporphyrin into unconjugated bilirubin that passes through the circulatory system bound to protein, particularly albumin. The kidney is unable to filter out this bilirubin as it is bound to protein, however, it is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver to form water-soluble conjugated bilirubin. This conjugated bilirubin does not normally appear in the urine as it is excreted directly from the intestine in bile. Intestinal bacteria reduce the bilirubin to urobilinogen, which is later oxidised and either excreted with the faeces as stercobilin or in the urine as urobilin.