Sharma, Lalit Kumar; Mukherjee, Tanoy; Saren, Phakir Chandra; Chandra, Kailash (2019). "Identifying suitable habitat and corridors for Indian Grey Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) in Chotta Nagpur Plateau and Lower Gangetic Planes: A species with differential management needs". PLOS ONE. 14 (4): e0215019. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1415019S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215019. PMC 6457547. PMID 30969994.

The earliest Canis lupus specimen was a fossil tooth discovered at Old Crow, Yukon, Canada. The specimen was found in sediment dated 1 million YBP, [36] however the geological attribution of this sediment is questioned. [36] [68] Slightly younger specimens were discovered at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska, in strata dated 810,000 YBP. Both discoveries point to an origin of these wolves in east Beringia during the Middle Pleistocene. [36] Monchot, H.; Mashkour, H. (2010). "Hyenas around the cities. The case of Kaftarkhoun (Kashan- Iran)". Journal of Taphonomy. 8 (1): 17–32. . To draw the paws, start with general lines describing their position. These lines should be based on the skeleton. Canis priscolatrans lived in the late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene in North America. [23] The first definite wolf appeared in the Late Blancan/Early Irvingtonian, [22] :p240 [23] [37] and named C. priscolatrans that was either very close to [33] [34] or a synonym for Canis edwardii. [22] :p241 [23] :82 [38] [39] It resembled C. rufus in cranial size and proportions but with more complex dentition. [22] :p241 However, there are no fossils of C. rufus until the Late Rancholabrean. [22] :p242 The bones of mammoths, woolly rhinoceros and hyena are among the remains discovered in a cave during the construction of new houses in Sherford, near Plymouth. They date to the middle of the last Ice Age between 60,000 and 30,000 years ago.

Peters, R. P.; Mech, L. D. (1975). "Scent-marking in wolves". American Scientist. 63 (6): 628–637. Bibcode: 1975AmSci..63..628P. PMID 1200478. Let’s start with a line showing the direction of the muzzle and a line showing the position of the eyes. Canis lepophagus lived in the early Pliocene in North America. [31] Kurten proposed that the Blancan C. lepophagus [32] derived from smaller Miocene Canis species in North America. It then became widespread across Eurasia where it was either identical to, or closely related with, C. arnensis of Europe. [22] :p241 [33] [34] Nie, M. A. (2003). Beyond Wolves: The Politics of Wolf Recovery and Management. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0816639787. a b Kopaliani, N.; Shakarashvili, M.; Gurielidze, Z.; Qurkhuli, T.; Tarkhnishvili, D. (2014). "Gene Flow between Wolf and Shepherd Dog Populations in Georgia (Caucasus)". Journal of Heredity. 105 (3): 345–53. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esu014. PMID 24622972.

Main article: Canid hybrid Wolf–dog hybrids in the wild animal park at Kadzidłowo, Poland. Left: product of a male wolf and a female spaniel; right: from a female wolf and a male West Siberian Laika The wolf was exterminated in the southern part of their historic geographical range in North America by the middle of the 20th century. An mDNA study of 34 wolf remains from North America dated between 1856 and 1915 found their genetic diversity to be twice that of modern wolves in these regions, and two thirds of the haplotypes identified were unique. These results indicate that a historic population of several hundred thousand wolves once existed in Mexico and the western US. [155] [133] Divergence with the coyote [ edit ] Apart from domestication, humans have harmed the wolf by restricting its habitat through persecution. This has caused a dramatic decrease in its population size over the last two centuries. [174] [175] The shrinking of its habitats that overlap with those of close-relatives such as dogs and coyotes have led to numerous occurrences of hybridization. [176] [177] These events, in addition to recent turnovers (extinctions and repopulations by other geneotypes), has made the unravelling of the phylogeographic history of the wolf difficult. [125] Ecotypes [ edit ] Graves, Will (2007). Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages. Detselig Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-55059-332-7. Mech, L. David; Adams, L. G.; Meier, T. J.; Burch, J. W.; Dale, B. W. (2003). "Ch.8-The Denali Wolf-Prey System". The Wolves of Denali. University of Minnesota Press. p.163. ISBN 0-8166-2959-5.

Topics

See also: Wolves in heraldry The Capitoline Wolf, sculpture of the mythical she-wolf feeding the twins Romulus and Remus, from the legend of the founding of Rome, Italy, 13th century AD. (The twins are a 15th-century addition.)

Nowak and Tedford also believed that it was possible for C. lupus to have been derived from a Miocene or Pliocene canid line that preceded and was separate from C. lepophagus. [23] [37] Based on morphology from China, the Pliocene wolf C. chihliensis may have been the ancestor for both C. armbrusteri and C. lupus before their migration into North America. [18] [36] :p181 C. chihliensis appears to be more primitive and smaller than C. lupus, and measurements of its skull and teeth are similar to C. lupus but those of its postcranial elements are smaller. [59] C. armbrusteri appeared in North America in the Middle Pleistocene and is a wolf-like form larger than any Canis at that time. [23] At the end of the most recent glacial retreat during the past 30,000 years, warming melted the glacial barriers across northern Canada allowing arctic mammals to extend their range into mid-latitude North America, including elk, caribou, bison, and the grey wolf. [65] Grooms, Steve (2008). "The Mixed Legacy of Never Cry Wolf" (PDF). International Wolf. 18 (3): 11–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2010. a b Fisher, A. (January 29, 2019). "Conservation in conflict: Advancement and the Arabian wolf". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019 . Retrieved November 11, 2019. Fuller, T. K. (2019). "Ch3-What wolves eat". Wolves: Spirit of the Wild. Chartwell Crestline. p.53. ISBN 978-0785837381. This is a wolf opening its mouth in a relaxed way, for example to eat something. Notice how loose skin of the mouth still covers the upper teeth.

a b Mech, L. David (1974). "Canis lupus". Mammalian Species (37): 1–6. doi: 10.2307/3503924. JSTOR 3503924. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019 . Retrieved July 30, 2019. Coppinger, R.; Schneider, R. (1995). "Evolution of working dogs". In Serpell, J. (ed.). The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions With People. University Press, Cambridge. pp.21–47. ISBN 9780521425377. Creel, S.; Fox, J. E.; Hardy, A.; Sands, J.; Garrott, B.; Peterson, R. O. (2002). "Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk". Conservation Biology. 16 (3): 809–814. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00554.x. S2CID 84878446. The remains of the larger coyote-like Canis edwardii have been found in the later Pliocene in the south-western USA along with C. lepophagus, which indicates a descent. [40] Tedford recognised C. edwardii [41] and found that the cranio-dental morphology of C. priscolatrans fell inside that of C. edwardii such that the species name C. priscolatrans was doubtful ( nomen dubium). [36] :p131 Canis armbrusteri [ edit ] Rob Bourn, the lead archaeologist on the project, described the find as 'a major discovery of national significance,' adding it was 'a once in a lifetime experience for those involved.'

However, in 2021, a study indicated the dire wolf to be a highly divergent lineage which last shared a most recent common ancestor with the wolf-like canines 5.7 million years ago. The morphological similarity between dire wolves and gray wolves was concluded to be due to convergent evolution. This finding indicates that the wolf and coyote lineages evolved in isolation from the dire wolf lineage. The study proposes an early origin of the dire wolf lineage in the Americas, and that this geographic isolation allowed them to develop a degree of reproductive isolation since their divergence 5.7 million years ago. Coyotes, dholes, gray wolves, and the extinct Xenocyon evolved in Eurasia and expanded into North America relatively recently during the Late Pleistocene, therefore there was no admixture with the dire wolf. As a result, the study found that the correct binomial name of the dire wolf is Aenocyon dirus, as proposed by Merriam in 1918. The long-term isolation of the dire wolf lineage implies that other American fossil taxa, including C. armbrusteri and C. edwardii, may also belong to the dire wolf's lineage. [52] dirus–lupus hybrids [ edit ] Diagram of a wolf skull with key features labelled A genomic study on the wolves of China included museum specimens of wolves from southern China that were collected between 1963 and 1988. The wolves in the study formed 3 clades: north Asian wolves that included those from northern China and eastern Russia, Himalayan wolves from the Tibetan Plateau, and a unique population from southern China. One specimen located as far southeast as Jiangxi province shows evidence of being admixed between Tibetan-related wolves and other wolves in China. One specimen from Zhejiang province in eastern China shared gene flow with the wolves from southern China, however its genome was 12-14 percent admixed with a canid that may be the dhole or an unknown canid that predates the genetic divergence of the dhole. The wolf population from southern China is believed to be still existing in that region. [138] Out of Beringia [ edit ]

Acknowledgments

Fox, M. W. (1978). The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior. Garland STPM. p.33. ISBN 978-0894642029. In 1908 the paleontologist John Campbell Merriam began retrieving numerous fossilized bone fragments of a large wolf from the Rancho La Brea tar pits. By 1912 he had found a skeleton sufficiently complete to be able to formally recognize these and the previously found specimens under the name C. dirus (Leidy 1858) [ citation needed]. Busch, R. H. (2007). Wolf Almanac, New and Revised: A Celebration Of Wolves And Their World (3ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-59921-069-8. Klein, D. R. (1995). "The introduction, increase, and demise of wolves on Coronation Island, Alaska". In Carbyn, L. N.; Fritts, S. H.; Seip, D. R. (eds.). Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35. pp.275–280.