According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, there is at present no proof to propose that COVID-19 can be transmitted through food consumption or food bundling, but food safety practices are highly encouraged [15]. Clarke, G. P., White, P. C. L. & Harris, S. Effects of roads on badger Meles meles populations in south-west England. Biol. Conserv. 86, 117–124 (1998). The transportation infrastructure of a nation is vital for its social and economic growth, especially for a developing economy. However, the construction and operation of roads come at great costs to wildlife and forests dissected by linear infrastructure 1, 2. The most conspicuous impact of roads is wildlife-vehicle collisions, which is a major cause of decline in animal populations in human-dominated landscapes 3. Road-related mortality affects animal populations more adversely than natural mortality since it is non-selective, and affects healthy and unhealthy individuals of a population equally 4, 5.

Laurance, W. F., Goosem, M. & Laurance, S. G. W. Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 659–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.009 (2009). ESRI. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.8. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute. (2020). accessed 12 Jan 2019; www.esri.com. The traversability model 37 did not consider animal activity near roads. For an animal-vehicle collision to take place, an animal and a vehicle must co-occur on the road. We accounted for this by using animal activities near the road as a proxy for the probability of an animal encountering a road. Creation of edge habitats by linear intrusions like roads facilitate the use of such habitats by some ungulate species. Consequently for edge-tolerant species like chital and wild pig 38 that were found to use road-forest edges, hourly roadkill risk is a function of hourly traffic volume since their activities near the road coincide with peak hours of traffic activity (Chital and Traffic Overlap Coefficient Dhat1 = 0.82; Wild pig and Traffic Overlap Coefficient Dhat1 = 0.82). Hence use of roadside habitat by chital and wild pig, makes them more vulnerable to mortality effects. For gaur and sambar that are generally crepuscular and nocturnal species with low road-forest edge use, the roadkill risk is a direct consequence of its activity in the early morning or late evening hours (Supplementary Table S4). Plant extracts preparation: Fresh samples of the stem bark of A. boonei were air dried in the laboratory at room temperature and pulverized to fine powder. Exactly 400 g of the fine powder obtained was percolated in 1600 mL for 72 h after which it was filtered. The filtrate collected evaporated to dryness using a temperature-regulated water bath pre-set at 40°C to yield the extract concentrate. The extract was stored at 4°C prior to use.Human risk assessment has been investigated to find out the potential hazard resulting from human exposure to poisonous substances present in various foodstuffs and environmental matrices. These investigations are generally used to help with meeting guidelines like those specified by administrative bodies like WHO and numerous others [42]. The major point of human risk evaluation is, to ensure the protection of consumers against the impacts of poisons in water or foods. Thus, it is important to guarantee that contaminants of interest in food or water don’t surpass the normal daily intake. This study shows that both aMT and MT are physiologically active compounds inhibiting the testicular activity of this tropical mammal. The present results indicate a sensitivity of the animal to change in lighting condition. This result further confirms the previous finding that the pineal and testes of F. pennanti are sensitive to daylength ( Haldar et al., 1990). The results also demonstrate, for the first time, that the animal can distinguish between the time of the day when MI are administered. In other words, the inhibitory effects of aMT and MT are dependent on the period of the day when they are administered. While evening injections led to inhibition of testicular activity under both long and short photoperiods, MI administration during morning hours failed to produce any significant effect on the testes of F. pennanti under short or long photoperiod. LP was stimulatory to the testes whereas SP was inhibitory to the testes of the squirrel. Our results are similar to those on adult golden hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus) in which daily aMT injections in morning, under long days result in gonadal maintenance ( Reiter et al., 1976; Stetson et al., 1983; Tamarkin et al., 1976; Tamarkin et al., 1977). Other studies indicate that morning injections of aMT under long to short days retards gonadal regression in the same animal ( Pevet et al., 1982b; Turek et al., 1980). PN Saxena (1925-1999), Indian academic and founder Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Velmurugan, S., Errampalli, M., Ravinder, K., Sitaramanjaneyulu, K. & Gangopadhyay, S. Critical evaluation of roadway capacity of multi-lane high speed corridors under heterogeneous traffic conditions through traditional and microscopic simulation models. Journal of Indian Roads Congress (October–December 2010) 235–264 (2010). accessed 23 Mar 2019; https://www.crridom.gov.in/ The annual worldwide incidence of malaria exceeds 600 million clinical cases caused by the two most common malaria species, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax ( Mendis et al., 2001; Snow et al., 2005; Tan et al., 2011), leading to 1.1-2.7 million deaths attributable primarily to P. falciparum ( WHO, 2008). Malaria causes great suffering among people living in tropical and subtropical regions, with a disproportionate impact on infants, children and pregnant women ( Abdullah et al., 2007; Dharmadasa et al., 2012).

Even though AVC probabilities on wide road segments were similar to probabilities on narrow roads, the exposure of an individual/animal group to AVC while traversing a 4-lane segment was found to be almost double than the exposure on 2-lane segment. This risk of exposure was highest for species with large group sizes. Greater exposure on 4-lane roads at moderate traffic levels could cause more roadkill than on 2-lane roads, while on 2-lane roads the same traffic levels could become a barrier to animal movement. Sarkar, D. Lattice: Multivariate Data Visualization with R. (2008). Springer, New York. ISBN 978-0-387-75968-5. accessed 25 Mar 2019; https://lmdvr.r-forge.r-project.org/. Schwab, A. C. & Zandbergen, P. A. Vehicle-related mortality and road crossing behavior of the Florida panther. Appl. Geogr. 31, 859–870 (2011).The trailer for “Animal,” starring Ranbir Kapoor and Rashmika Mandanan, has taken the internet by storm, amassing millions of views within hours of its release. Renowned for her discerning taste, Jyoti Saxena shared her admiration for the trailer, spotlighting Bobby Deol’s stunning transformation and Ranbir Kapoor’s captivating presence. Biswas, S. & Sankar, K. Prey abundance and food habit of tigers ( Panthera tigris tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh India. J. Zool. 256, 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836902000456 (2002).

Arasan, V. T. & Koshy, R. Z. Headway distribution of heterogeneous traffic on urban arterials. J. Inst. Eng. (India) 84, 210–215 (2003). Malaria is endemic in at least 87 countries, notably in a greater part of sub-Saharan Africa and large areas of Latin America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, currently inhabited by at least 40% of the world’s population, placing 2.5 billion people at risk ( Guerra et al., 2008; Hay and Snow, 2006). It has become clear that the pineal gland is necessary for the regulation of photoperiodic responses and that pineal melatonin may be responsible for transmitting daylength information ( Hoffmann, 1981b; Goldman, 1983; Hoffmann, 1985; Masson-Pevet et al., 1986). Shepard, D. B., Kuhns, A. R., Dreslik, M. J. & Philips, C. A. Roads as barriers to animal movement in fragmented landscapes. Anim. Conserv. 11, 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00183.x (2008).

Johnsingh, A. J. T. & Manjrekar, N. (eds) Mammals of South Asia (Universities Press, Hyderabad, 2015). Roads also cause some species to respond by avoidance of habitat near high traffic roads at peak traffic hours 6, 7. This avoidance of roadside habitat could result in the road becoming a barrier to animal movement 8. In addition to the risk of local species extinction 9, mortality and barrier effects together alter wildlife movement 10, 11 leading to isolation of populations 12, 13. With the global road network growth projected at more than 60% 14, and rampant increase in worldwide vehicle ownership 15, these impacts are set to accelerate in magnitude. The Indian Roads Congress. Two-Laning of Highways Through Public Private Partnership: Manual of Specifications & Standards. Secretariat for the Committee on Infrastructure Planning Commission, Yojana Bhavan, Parliament Street, New Delhi. (2010). accessed 12 July 2019; https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/sectors/ppp_report/reports_guidelines/Manuals%20of%20Standards%20and%20Specifications/Manual%20of%20Specifications%20&%20Standards%20for%20Two-laning%20of%20Highways.pdf The model assumes that traversing of roads by animals is ‘blind’ for animals in that they do not respond to the presence of vehicles (i.e. do not stop or turn around), and for drivers in that they do not respond to the presence of animals on the road by braking. Therefore, we define P h as the probability of hit of an animal that is attempting to cross the road, as we cannot account for the number of crossing attempts that translate into actual presence of animal on the road for an AVC to occur. Orlowski, G. & Nowak, L. Factors influencing mammal roadkills in the agricultural landscape of south-western Poland. Pol. J. Ecol. 54, 283–294 (2006).

Sapan Saxena, Indian author, best known for his novel Finders, Keepers (Saxena novel)& UNNS-The Captivation Although a large number of seasonally breeding rodent species are known, most studies have centred on the elucidation of pineal function in the control of reproduction in case of temperate zone animals ( Pevet et al., 1987; Hoffmann, 1981b; Pevet et al., 1986). Jaarsma, C. F., van Langevelde, F. & Botma, H. Flattened fauna and mitigation: traffic victims related to road, traffic, vehicle, and species characteristics. Transp. Res. Part D 11, 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.05.001 (2006). At higher traffic volumes the barrier effect sets in due to continuous flow of traffic, where road crossing by animals may not occur. Thus higher traffic volumes would result in a barrier-like situation because of avoidance of animals at high traffic segments 6, 7 reducing the number of attempted crossings by wildlife. This avoidance would reflect as low roadkill counts on high traffic roads 22.Thurjfell, H., Spong, G., Olsson, M. & Ericsson, G. Avoidance of high traffic levels results in lower risk of wild boar-vehicle accidents. Landsc. Urban Plan. 133, 98–104 (2015).