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Chambers, Allied (2006). The Chambers Dictionary. Allied Publishers. p.xxxviii, §8. ISBN 978-8186062258 . Retrieved 28 November 2014. Joining several hyphens together helps create a divider line in the text to make things easier to read, as shown below. Example of some text. Ginouvès, A., Ilc, K., Macías, N., Pouysségur, J. & Berra, E. PHDs overactivation during chronic hypoxia ‘desensitizes’ HIFα and protects cells from necrosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 4745–4750 (2008). Some ( OpenType) fonts will change the character at the end of a word. An example is a font that places a long s, 'ſ', everywhere except at the end of a word, [ clarification needed] where a round s, 's', is used. A soft hyphen can be used to change the previous letter to a round s in the middle of a word. For example, 'prinſeſſen' can be corrected by inserting a soft hyphen between the 'ſ's: 'prinſeſ-ſen' becomes 'prinſesſen' (which is correct in Norwegian).
As with high light and high temperature stress for corals 22, 43, 44, hypoxia is also known to induce oxidative stress in metazoans by modifying mitochondrial activity to result in decreased ATP synthesis and increased ROS (reactive oxygen species) production 45. Our recent studies have demonstrated that gene expression profiles of corals exposed to deoxygenation show evidence for reduced mitochondrial complex I activity and enhanced formation of ROS-handling molecules 12, 25, 34. Importantly, enhanced ROS and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) production has been indicated to be an important signal, along with low O 2, to activate the HIF-HRS 46. Thus, it is entirely plausible that hypoxia may be an underlying trigger of oxidative cellular stress in bleaching coral.
Closed compound words
Jokiel, P. L. & Coles, S. L. Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals. Mar. Biol. 43, 201–208 (1977). Kromhout, Jan (2001). Afrikaans–English, English–Afrikaans Dictionary. Hippocrene Books. p. 182, §5. ISBN 978-0-7818-0846-0 . Retrieved 28 November 2014. Factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) catalyses the post-translational hydroxylation of histidinyl residues within ankyrin repeat domains.
Most (but not all) compound words that begin with self use a hyphen, regardless what part of speech they are. For example,Warner, M. E., Fitt, W. K. & Schmidt, G. W. The effects of elevated temperature on the photosynthetic efficiency of zooxanthellae in hospite from four different species of reef coral: A novel approach. Plant Cell Environ. 19, 291–299 (1996). Rules (or guidelines) for correct hyphenation vary between languages, and may be complex, and they can interact with other orthographic and typesetting practices. Hyphenation algorithms, when employed in concert with dictionaries, are sufficient for all but the most formal texts. A hyphen is a punctuation mark for joining two words, or two parts of words, together. While we usually refer to it as “the dash,” the hyphen is a handy tool for making more sense out of various terms. If it weren’t for hyphens, many sentences would have a different meaning. As long as you can figure out if a word uses a hyphen or not, hyphens themselves don’t cause too many problems. However, there is one common mistake to watch out for. -ly adverbs Alderdice, R. et al. Disparate Inventories of hypoxia gene sets across corals align with inferred environmental resilience. Front. Mar. Sci. 9, 649 (2022).
Hoogenboom, M. O. et al. Environmental drivers of variation in bleaching severity of Acropora species during an extreme thermal anomaly. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 376 (2017).Look for ways to deconstruct the word naturally. For example, if a word uses prefixes or suffixes, you can use these to divide a word.
Structure of factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1: An asparaginyl hydroxylase involved in the hypoxic response pathway. With the introduction of letter spacing in the Middle Ages, the hyphen, still written beneath the text, reversed its meaning. Scribes used the mark to connect two words that had been incorrectly separated by a space. This era also saw the introduction of the marginal hyphen, for words broken across lines. [7] Hughes, D. J. et al. Coral reef survival under accelerating ocean deoxygenation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 10, 1–12 (2020). The first known documentation of the hyphen is in the grammatical works of Dionysius Thrax. At the time hyphenation was joining two words that would otherwise be read separately by a low tie mark between the two words. [5] In Greek these marks were known as enotikon, officially romanized as a hyphen. [6] Hyphens are occasionally used to denote syllabification, as in syl-la-bi-fi-ca-tion. Various British and North American dictionaries use an interpunct, sometimes called a "middle dot" or "hyphenation point", for this purpose, as in syl·la·bi·fi·ca·tion. This allows the hyphen to be reserved only for places where a hard hyphen is intended (for example, self-con·scious, un·self-con·scious, long-stand·ing). Similarly, hyphens may be used to indicate how a word is being or should be spelled. For example, W-O-R-D spells "word".
Wordle Helper
Everson, Michael (12 January 2021). "L2/21-036 Proposal to add the OBLIQUE HYPHEN" (PDF) . Retrieved 19 September 2022.
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