Huang, Y., Niu, B., Gao, Y., Fu, L. & Li, W. CD-HIT Suite: a web server for clustering and comparing biological sequences. Bioinformatics 26, 680–682 (2010). Folate is especially important for pregnant women. Getting enough folate can lower the risk of brain-related birth defects like spina bifida and anencephaly. In particular, they’re rich in compounds that may enhance antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are critical to your body’s immune defense, as they fight free radicals that may lead to cell damage and disease ( 12, 13, 14). In addition, fava beans contain compounds that have been shown to enhance the ability of the powerful antioxidant glutathione in human cells and delay cellular aging ( 16, 17).

Now, the scientists have identified the gene responsible for vicine-convicine content. What is more, they have identified the specific mutation within this gene that causes the reduction in synthesis. They found that all faba bean varieties with a low vicine-convicine content, descended from a single accession found in a genebank. It had two nucleotides inserted within the VC1 gene. This insertion disrupts VC1 function and is the only known genetic source of low vicine and convicine content. Soluble fiber may promote healthy bowel movements by absorbing water in your gut, forming a gel-like substance and softening your stool ( 40).

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However, these studies were conducted on isolated cells treated with extracts from fava beans. It is unclear whether fava beans have the same immune-boosting effects in people when eaten as part of a regular diet. Summary Hanelt, P., Schäfer, H. & Schultze-Motel, J. Die Stellung von Vicia faba L. in der Gattung Vicia L. und Betrachtungen zu dieser Kulturart. Kulturpflanze 20, 263–275 (1972). Liao, Y., Smyth, G. K. & Shi, W. featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. Bioinformatics 30, 923–930 (2014).

Wu, T. D. & Watanabe, C. K. GMAP: a genomic mapping and alignment program for mRNA and EST sequences. Bioinformatics 21, 1859–1875 (2005). Biomedical and Environmental Sciences: “Association between Plasma Metal Levels and Diabetes Risk: a Case-control Study in China.” M. Vogelsang-o, I. L. Petersen, M. S. Joehnke, J. C. Sørensen, J. Bez, A. Detzel, M. Busch, M. Krueger, J. A. O. Mahony, E. K. Arendt and E. Zannini, Foods, 2020, 9, 1–24 Search PubMed . Bray, N. L., Pimentel, H., Melsted, P. & Pachter, L. Near-optimal probabilistic RNA-seq quantification. Nat. Biotechnol. 34, 525–527 (2016). Demand for plant-based alternatives to meat and dairy products continues to rise. Data from Mordor Intelligence forecasts that the European plant-based protein market is set to increase in value to €2.36bn by 2025, a compound annual growth rate of 7.4% over the next five years.Y. Ladjal-Ettoumi, H. Boudries, M. Chibane and A. Romero, Food Biophys., 2016, 11, 43–51 CrossRef . Here too, they concluded fava beans can compete with soy and other plant-based protein alternatives.

Therefore, eating fava beans may help with symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, though research is limited. De novo repeat finding was done on Hedin/2 pseudomolecules with RepeatModeler v2.0.1 (ref. 68) with sample sizes of 1,000,000 bp and with LTR_retriever v2.9.0 (ref. 69) and LTRharvest 70. De novo elements were clustered with cd-hit-est v4.8.1 (ref. 71); element classification was aided by comparing to RepBase release 20181926, core-repeat domains from GyDB 2.0 (ref. 72) and REXdb Viridiplantae v3.0 (ref. 73). For the retrotransposons, sLTRs and full-length elements were specified as such by LTR_retriever and LTRharvest. Repeat masking was done with RepeatMasker v4.2.1 ( http://www.repeatmasker.org) using de novo repeat libraries. Transposable element sequences encoding conserved protein domains were also identified based on their similarities to the REXdb v3.0 database using DANTE v0.1.1 ( https://github.com/kavonrtep/dante). Satellite repeats were annotated using similarity searches to a custom database of satellite DNA families described in our previous studies 18, 31, 74, 75. The distribution of satellite repeats on metaphase chromosomes of V. faba was examined using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosome preparation, probe labelling and FISH were performed as previously described 31, with hybridization and washing temperatures adjusted to account for the probe AT/CG content to allow for 10–20% mismatches. Chromosomes were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), mounted in Vectashield medium (Vector Laboratories) and examined using a Zeiss AxioImager.Z2 microscope with an Axiocam 506 mono camera. Images were captured and processed using ZEN 3.2 software (Carl Zeiss). Gene model annotation

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Faba beans—Pythagoras and his followers avoided them and Roman priests of Jupiter associated them with death. Today, we know that faba beans produce the anti-nutrients vicine and convicine, which cause a risk for favism—a condition arising from damage to red blood cells—for susceptible individuals. Anti-nutrients are plant compounds that reduce the body's ability to absorb essential nutrients. Lyu, J. I. et al. Unraveling the complexity of faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) transcriptome to reveal cold-stress-responsive genes using long-read isoform sequencing technology. Sci. Rep. 11, 21094 (2021). You can get folate from over-the-counter vitamins and supplements. Combining supplements with high-folate foods like fava beans is an easy way to get enough into your diet.‌