The experience of awe goes beyond making us feel good, it helps us to connect with others and has health benefits: From the present perspective it is difficult to believe that at the time we began this research program there were virtually no studies on the subject of this book. A great deal has happened since then, and the literature on the importance of nature is growing. In retrospect, we find ourselves surprised by the quantity of research we and our students have done in these two decades. The present volume focuses on this more or less coherent research program. Though we refer to the work of others as it seems pertinent, we have placed a higher priority on coherence and integration th Kellert, S. R., & Finnegan, B. (2011). BIOPHILIC DESIGN The architecture of life viewing guide. http://www.biophilicdesign.net/

Air ions kill bacteria, increase plant and insect growth rate, and cause physiological and behavioral changes in people and other animals [ 273, 274, 275, 276]. About 1/3 of the population is sensitive to air ions, and this portion of the population responds to the change in positive ion concentration that precedes certain warm, dry winds in a number of countries [ 277] by showing elevated symptoms of depression, lassitude, migraine, nausea, insomnia, and respiratory problems when these winds bring a high concentration of positive ions and a low concentration of negative ions [ 278, 279]. Because negative air ions decrease the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in mice, rabbits and guinea pigs, while positive ions increase it [ 280, 281], and 5-HT in humans has been found to increase with the winds, it is believed that a “serotonin irritation syndrome”, contributes to the symptoms described above [ 277, 282]. The research aimed to introduce a new sustainable landscape approach by activating biophilic design patterns, to increase landscape efficiency; this approach was applied to an Egyptian case study, to analyse the possibilities and results and furthermore to suggest a proposed design that activates the biophilic landscape efficiency and achieves pattern integration. Norton, B. C. Sustainability: A Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management 49 (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005). Duzenli T, Tarakci Eren E, Akyol D (2017) Concept of sustainability and biophilic design in landscape architecture. J Acad Soc Sci 5(June):43–49Chang P. J., Bae, S. (2017). Positive emotional effects of leisure in green spaces in alleviating workefamily spillover in working mothers. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 14:757 Barton, J., & Pretty, J. (2010). What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis. Environ Sci Technol Hulme, M. Geographical work at the boundaries of climate change. Trans. Inst. Brit. Geogr. 33, 5–11 (2008).

Good biophilic design is usually drawn based on the user’s influential perspectives which can be impacted by health conditions, sociocultural norms, past experiences, and frequency and duration of experience are some of the most common examples [ 10]. IPCC Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report (eds Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R. K. & Meyer L. A.) (IPCC, 2015). Foster, J. The Sustainability Mirage: Illusion and Reality in the Coming War on Climate Change (Earthscan, London, 2008). Writing for such diverse audiences is a challenge. On the one hand, the topic of the book is widely appealing, and our readers will have great intuitive familiarity with the contents. On the other hand, our intention is to present results of a large number of empirical studies and considerable theoretical material. We have tried to accommodate to these issues and to the differing expectations about supporting information that diverse professional groups hold. Both the chapter notes and the summaries in the Appendixes are intended to provide some of the information that is essential to some more professionally oriented readers but may be distracting to others. There are also references that provide fuller documentation. At the same time, though our intention was to write a readable and interesting volume, we have not attempted a popularized treatment. Our effort is to integrate a substantial quantity of both empirical and theoretical material into a framework and perspective on the role nature plays. Niles, D. in Oxford Handbook of Heritage Studies (eds. Labrador, A. & Silberman, N.) Ch. 4.5 (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 2018).

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Another recent study found that people who are more naturally prone to experiencing awe felt more humility and were rated as more humble by their friends. One study found that people induced to feel awe felt less impatient and agreed more strongly with statements suggesting that time is plentiful and expansive than people induced to feel happiness. The researchers speculate that by immersing us in the moment, awe may allow us to savour the here and now.

There is mounting evidence, from dozens and dozens of researchers, that nature has benefits for both physical and psychological human well­being,” says Lisa Nisbet, PhD, a psychologist at Trent University in Ontario, Canada, who studies connectedness to nature. “You can boost your mood just by walking in nature, even in urban nature. And the sense of connection you have with the natural world seems to contribute to happiness even when you’re not physically immersed in nature.” Cognitive benefits Kellert, S. R. (1997). Kinship to mastery: Biophilia in human evolution and development. Island Press The beginning of the term “Biophilia” was in 1964 by the social psychologist Eric Fromm who defined it as “Biophilia is the passionate love of life and of all that is alive” [ 22]. Later, in 1984, the biologist Edward Wilson contributed in making the term Biophilia more common [ 28]. Nature might also make us nicer—to other people as well as to the planet. John Zelenski, PhD, a professor of psychology at Carleton University in Ontario, Canada, and colleagues showed undergraduates either nature documentaries or videos about architectural landmarks. Then the participants played a fishing game in which they made decisions about how many fish to harvest across multiple seasons. Those who had watched the nature video were more likely to cooperate with other players, and also more likely to make choices that would sustain the fish population ( Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2015). In another experiment, Zelenski and his colleagues found that elementary school children acted more prosocially to classmates and strangers after a field trip to a nature school than they did after a visit to an aviation museum (Dopko, R.L., et al., Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 63, No. 1, 2019).As in the case of rotten meat and the disgust response to the smell, smells can provide us with useful information about the environment, or specific resources or organisms within it. In a study on humans, it was found that men and women could identify whether individuals were happy or fearful based on odor pads used to collect their sweat [ 101]. Natural odors from plants and animals such as floral fragrance and musk, are indicative of metabolism and physiological function [ 102], so smells can tell us about the state of possible food.