Pang TY, Du X, Catchlove WA, Renoir T, Lawrence AJ, Hannan AJ. Positive environmental modification of depressive phenotype and abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in female C57BL/6J mice during abstinence from chronic ethanol consumption. Front Pharmacol. 2013;4:93. In this study, we found that the behavioral effects of protracted abstinence following chronic binge drinking were more robust in females, who demonstrate a behavioral disinhibition phenotype including reduced avoidance behavior and increased compulsive-like behavior (Fig. 7). These results underscore the importance of sex and timepoints into abstinence tested when investigating the effects of chronic alcohol on behavior. Indeed, the results of previous work on the affective behavioral consequences of chronic alcohol abstinence in C57BL/6 J mouse models are variable as to time into abstinence tested and paradigms utilized, as well as highly male-dominated [ 16]. Many studies have shown that males show increased avoidance, anhedonia, and compulsive behaviors in early abstinence (> 1 week) following chronic alcohol across vapor inhalation [ 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39], continuous access [ 21, 40], intermittent drinking [ 13], and DID [ 18, 22, 41, 42]. Behavior during protracted abstinence (< 1 week) in males is somewhat variable, with increased avoidance following chronic vapor [ 17] and DID [ 15, 18], with no effects following continuous [ 20, 21] and on most measures during intermittent access [ 10], and fairly consistent increased anhedonia across alcohol vapor [ 17, 19] and continuous drinking [ 20, 21, 40], with some exceptions for DID [ 18, 23]. Notably, an increase in avoidance behavior during abstinence in males has been broadly observed in the literature [ 16], in contrast to our observation of a reduction in this behavior and one other study that showed mild behavioral disinhibition in males and females following 7 weeks of intermittent alcohol access during early abstinence (24 h since last alcohol consumption [ 10]. It is possible that the variability of avoidance-related alterations following chronic alcohol consumption in males is due to differences in testing timepoints. Sneddon EA, White RD, Radke AK. Sex differences in binge-like and aversion-resistant alcohol drinking in C57BL/6J Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(2):243–9.

Sneddon EA, Ramsey OR, Thomas A, Radke AK. Increased responding for alcohol and resistance to aversion in female mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2020;44(7):1400–9. Frezza M, di Padova C, Pozzato G, Terpin M, Baraona E, Lieber CS. High blood alcohol levels in women. The role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(2):95–9. Rath M, Guergues J, Pinho JPC, Zhang P, Nguyen TG, MacFadyen KA, et al. Chronic voluntary binge ethanol consumption causes sex-specific differences in microglial signaling pathways and withdrawal-associated behaviors in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2020;44(9):1791–806.Here, we found that female mice consume more alcohol compared to their male counterparts in a modified DID paradigm across eight cycles (Figs. 1, 2), consistent with what we and others have previously shown for binge alcohol drinking models in mice [ 8, 9]. This difference was more robust for 20% compared to 10% EtOH, even though preference for alcohol over water did not differ between sexes at either alcohol concentration. Females consumed more alcohol than males across timepoints, an effect that was not dependent on overall higher fluid intake (Fig. 5). In addition, we found that protracted abstinence (2–4 weeks) from chronic binge drinking led to a behavioral disinhibition phenotype that was especially robust in females (Fig. 7). Specifically, we observed a reduction in anxiety-like and an increase in compulsive-like behavior in alcohol-abstinent females but not males compared to water control mice in the OF, NSF, and MB assays, as well as a stronger effect of alcohol experience for females in reducing avoidance behavior as measured through the EPM (Fig. 7). We additionally found basal sex differences in assays measuring reward sensitivity/anhedonia and coping behavior but no effects of alcohol abstinence in the sucrose preference, FST, and TS assays (Figs. 6, 8). Together, these results suggest that anxiety and compulsive-related behaviors are most vulnerable to pathological behavioral outcomes in protracted alcohol abstinence from chronic binge drinking, especially in females. The first example shows the curls compared to sausages, the second hand with paws, and the third comparison of a skinner with the prince. Quijano Cardé NA, De Biasi M. Behavioral characterization of withdrawal following chronic voluntary ethanol consumption via intermittent two-bottle choice points to different susceptibility categories. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2022;46(4):614–27. In the book, 'Of Mice And Men', nature plays a role in describing the inner conflict of the characters as well as how The Great Depression played with the hopes and dreams of people. Even Lennie, at different situations, is compared to a terrier, horse, and a bear. Some of the symbolic nature quotes from the book are. Characters: The novel presents both static as well as dynamic characters. George and Lennie are two major characters, while Curley’s wife, Curley, Carlson, Crooks, and the Boss are some minor characters. However, it is George who goes through struggles and changes by the end. Therefore, he is a dynamic character, while the rest of the characters stays the same, the reason that they are all static characters.

Of Mice And Men' is set in the Great Depression era. The story revolves around two migrant ranch workers, George and Lennie, searching for a job as they move across America. Bangasser DA, Wiersielis KR. Sex differences in stress responses: a critical role for corticotropin-releasing factor. Hormones (Athens). 2018;17(1):5–13. Jury NJ, DiBerto JF, Kash TL, Holmes A. Sex differences in the behavioral sequelae of chronic ethanol exposure. Alcohol. 2017;58:53–60. i. An allusion to Golden Gloves tournament: Curley says that he got into the final of that tournament as a boxer, which is a lie. (Chapter-3)Thiele TE, Navarro M. “Drinking in the dark” (DID) procedures: a model of binge-like ethanol drinking in non-dependent mice. Alcohol. 2014;48(3):235–41. Once George and Lennie are alone in the bunkhouse, Curley’s wife arrives. George, sensing the trouble sends the woman away and also warns Lennie to stay away from Mrs. Curley. George and Lennie later meet Slim, a skilled mule driver who exercises great authority on the ranch. Carlson, another ranch-hand, proposes that once Slim’s dog gives puppies, they should give one puppy to Candy and then shoot Candy’s dog.

iv. Slowly, like a terrier who doesn’t want to bring a ball to his master, he approached. (Chapter-3) Levine OB, Skelly MJ, Miller JD, Rivera-Irizarry JK, Rowson SA, DiBerto JF, et al. The paraventricular thalamus provides a polysynaptic brake on limbic CRF neurons to sex-dependently blunt binge alcohol drinking and avoidance behavior in mice. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5080. Conflict: There are various conflicts in the novel. The first one is the external conflict going on between George and Lennie and their situation. The second conflict involves man against nature, man against man, and man against himself. The first is shown by George, while the second is shown by Lennie and Curley, and the third by George and his mental thinking. Centanni SW, Morris BD, Luchsinger JR, Bedse G, Fetterly TL, Patel S, et al. Endocannabinoid control of the insular-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis circuit regulates negative affective behavior associated with alcohol abstinence. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44(3):526–37.

Rivera-Irizarry JK, Skelly MJ, Pleil KE. Social isolation stress in adolescence, but not adulthood, produces hypersocial behavior in adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. Front Behav Neurosci. 2020;14:129.

Well, I got a right to have a light. You go on get outa my room. I ain't wanted in the bunk house, and you ain't wanted in my room."

Summary Of Mice and Men

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