however, a recent study revealed that the fluorescence quantum yield of this solution is strongly affected by the temperature, and should no longer be used as the standard solution. The quinine in 0.1 M perchloric acid (Φ=0.60) shows no temperature dependence up to 45°C, therefore it can be considered as a reliable standard solution. [16] Lifetime [ edit ] Jablonski diagram. After an electron absorbs a high-energy photon the system is excited electronically and vibrationally. The system relaxes vibrationally, and eventually fluoresces at a longer wavelength.

Fluorescence discovered in tiny Brazilian frogs". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019 . Retrieved 30 March 2019. a b c d Wucherer, M. F.; Michiels, N. K. (2012). "A Fluorescent Chromatophore Changes the Level of Fluorescence in a Reef Fish". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e37913. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...737913W. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037913. PMC 3368913. PMID 22701587.

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Sierra, MMD; Giovanela, M; Parlanti, E; Soriano-Sierra, EJ (2005). "Fluorescence fingerprint of fulvic and humic acids from varied origins as viewed by single-scan and excitation/emission matrix techniques". Chemosphere. 58 (6): 715–733. Bibcode: 2005Chmsp..58..715S. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.038. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 15621185. Fluorescence in minerals is caused by a wide range of activators. In some cases, the concentration of the activator must be restricted to below a certain level, to prevent quenching of the fluorescent emission. Furthermore, the mineral must be free of impurities such as iron or copper, to prevent quenching of possible fluorescence. Divalent manganese, in concentrations of up to several percent, is responsible for the red or orange fluorescence of calcite, the green fluorescence of willemite, the yellow fluorescence of esperite, and the orange fluorescence of wollastonite and clinohedrite. Hexavalent uranium, in the form of the uranyl cation ( UO 2+ The origin of Duke Blue". Duke University Libraries. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008 . Retrieved December 3, 2007.

Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder—Type the words "Silver Lake Blue" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear: Bou-Abdallah, F.; Chasteen, N. D.; Lesser, M. P. (2006). "Quenching of superoxide radicals by green fluorescent protein". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1760 (11): 1690–1695. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.08.014. PMC 1764454. PMID 17023114. The quantification of a dye is done with a spectrofluorometer and finds additional applications in: Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guía de coloraciones (Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guide to Colorations) Madrid: H. Blume. ISBN 84-89840-31-8Fluorescence in fluorites was described by both Edward D. Clarke in 1819 and René Just Haüy in 1822. The same phenomenon was also observed in chlorophyll by Sir David Brewster in 1833 and Sir John Herschel in 1845. Intravascular fluorescence is a catheter-based medical imaging technique that uses fluorescence to detect high-risk features of atherosclerosis and unhealed vascular stent devices. [79] Plaque autofluorescence has been used in a first-in-man study in coronary arteries in combination with optical coherence tomography. [80] Molecular agents has been also used to detect specific features, such as stent fibrin accumulation and enzymatic activity related to artery inflammation. [81] If you want to give your fluorescent green or pink a cooler tone, just mix in some fluorescent blue. How to Mute Fluorescent Colors a b c Maerz & Paul (1930). A Dictionary of Color. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p.63, plate35, sampleE2; p190.

Many plants are fluorescent due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is probably the most widely-distributed fluorescent molecule, producing red emission under a range of excitation wavelengths. [59] This attribute of chlorophyll is commonly used by ecologists to measure photosynthetic efficiency. [60] a b Acuña, A. Ulises; Amat-Guerri, Francisco; Morcillo, Purificación; Liras, Marta; Rodríguez, Benjamín (2009). "Structure and formation of the fluorescent compound of lignum nephriticum" (PDF). Organic Letters. 11 (14): 3020–3023. doi: 10.1021/ol901022g. PMID 19586062. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2013. a b Stokes, G.G. (1852). "On the change of refrangibility of light". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 142: 463–562, esp. 479. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1852.0022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017.Chen, Lei; Lin, Chun-Che; Yeh, Chiao-Wen; Liu, Ru-Shi (22 March 2010). "Light Converting Inorganic Phosphors for White Light-Emitting Diodes". Materials. 3 (3): 2172–2195. Bibcode: 2010Mate....3.2172C. doi: 10.3390/ma3032172. ISSN 1996-1944. PMC 5445896. Crude oil ( petroleum) fluoresces in a range of colors, from dull-brown for heavy oils and tars through to bright-yellowish and bluish-white for very light oils and condensates. This phenomenon is used in oil exploration drilling to identify very small amounts of oil in drill cuttings and core samples. Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. It is a form of luminescence. In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, than the absorbed radiation. A perceptible example of fluorescence occurs when the absorbed radiation is in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum (invisible to the human eye), while the emitted light is in the visible region; this gives the fluorescent substance a distinct color that can only be seen when the substance has been exposed to UV light. Fluorescent materials cease to glow nearly immediately when the radiation source stops, unlike phosphorescent materials, which continue to emit light for some time after. Fluorescence is widespread among amphibians and has been documented in several families of frogs, salamanders and caecilians, but the extent of it varies greatly. [47]

There are many natural compounds that exhibit fluorescence, and they have a number of applications. Some deep-sea animals, such as the greeneye, have fluorescent structures. a b Harris, Tom (7 December 2001). "How Fluorescent Lamps Work". HowStuffWorks. Discovery Communications. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 27 June 2010.McDonald, Maurice S. (2 June 2003). Photobiology of Higher Plants. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470855232. Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. In 2019, two other frogs, the tiny pumpkin toadlet ( Brachycephalus ephippium) and red pumpkin toadlet ( B. pitanga) of southeastern Brazil, were found to have naturally fluorescent skeletons, which are visible through their skin when exposed to ultraviolet light. [51] [52] It was initially speculated that the fluorescence supplemented their already aposematic colours (they are toxic) or that it was related to mate choice ( species recognition or determining fitness of a potential partner), [51] but later studies indicate that the former explanation is unlikely, as predation attempts on the toadlets appear to be unaffected by the presence/absence of fluorescence. [53] Additionally, it is suggested that fluorescent tissues that surround an organism's eyes are used to convert blue light from the photic zone or green bioluminescence in the aphotic zone into red light to aid vision. [35] Sharks [ edit ]