LNT2 (106.3 mg) was also synthesized from lactose and UDP-GlcNAc catalyzed by bovine serum β1–3- N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. LNnT (12 mg) was subsequently produced from LNT2 and ortho-nitrophenyl β-galactoside by a commercially available Bacillus circulansβ-D-galactosidase. 313 Food fermentation is the process whereby bacteria, yeasts, mold, or fungi break down carbs — such as starch and sugar — into acids, gas, or alcohol. The process results in a fermented food product with a desirable flavor, aroma, or texture ( 1). Different from B. bifidum which express extracellular glycosidases, B. longum subsp. infantis express internal glycosidases 190– 192 and rely on their glycan ABC transporters 193 for internalization of the corresponding HMOS. 175 The extracellular glycosidases on some bacteria such as B. bifidum could be used as a mechanism to release components from HMOS which can be readily transported into B. longum subsp. infantis or other bacteria for consumption. The symbiotic sharing of HMOS and components could be one of the mechanisms used to shape the gut microbiota. The enrichment of bifidobacteria in infant gut could be the result of coevolution of the bacteria and milk ingredients including HMOS. 175, 182 Some research suggests that adopting a lacto-vegetarian diet could help enhance blood sugar control.

Our understanding on the biosynthesis of HMOS is limited. Most, if not all, HMOS are extended from lactose at the non-reducing ends and are believed to be catalyzed by glycosyltransferases in the mammary gland. 130– 133 Glucose and galactose can be de novo synthesized in the mammary gland by a process named hexoneogenesis although plasma glucose is the major carbon source of milk lactose. 134, 135 Lactose and other MOS are most likely accumulated in the secretory vesicle and secreted by exocytotic fusion with the apical plasma membrane. 136 Lactose itself is produced in the mammary gland by β1–4-galactosyltransferase 1 (β1–4GalT1) bound to α-lactalbumin in a lactose synthase complex. 137– 139 However, most of the specific glycosyltransferases that are responsible for the formation of HMOS structures with specific glycosidic linkages have not been identified. The best understood examples are human α1–2-fucosyltransferase FUT2 encoded by the secretor ( Se) gene 71, 140 and α1–3/4-fucosyltransferase FUT3 encoded by the Lewis ( Le) gene 74 that are responsible for the formation of α1–2- and α1–3/4-linked fucosides, respectively, in human mammary glands. 130, 141 Lewis ( Le) gene-independent α1–3-fucosyltransferase presented in all women has also been described. 11, 14 Transgenic introduction of a human α1–2-fucosyltransferase gene to mice was shown to allow the mice to express large quantities of 2’-fucosyllactose 142 which is a good indication of the ability of the mammary gland in producing corresponding oligosaccharides in the presence of suitable glycosyltransferases. Similar success was achieved for the transgenic manipulation of mice, but not rabbit, using other glycosyltransferases including a homologous galactosyltransferase and different fucosyltransferases. 143 Mariotti, François; Gardner, Christopher D. (2019). "Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets—A Review". Nutrients. 11 (11): 2661. doi: 10.3390/nu11112661. PMC 6893534. PMID 31690027. The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism". Speech delivered by Gandhi at a Social Meeting organised by the London Vegetarian Society, 20 November 1931. Alternatively, special cultures can be bred and added to foods to start the fermentation process. This is useful for foods that don’t have naturally occurring populations, enabling a particular flavor or aroma or to ensure food quality and safety ( 3, 7). LNT2 and LNnT were reported to be produced in kilograms in a fermentation-based system to allow the conduct of clinical trials. 290, 314 At the tested concentration, LNnT was proven to be stable and safe to use as a component of infant formula although it did not reduce oropharyngeal colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children of 6 months or older. 315Lactose is a sugar molecule that is naturally present in milk. For you to digest lactose, you need an enzyme in your body called lactase, which can split lactose into two smaller molecules: glucose and galactose. The smaller molecules can then individually be absorbed in the small intestine with no discomfort.

Neu5Acα2–6LacNAc (6’SLN) was synthesized using a similarly OP3E sialylation system as described above for the synthesis of 3’SL and 3’SLN except for replacing the PmST1 by Photobacterium damselaeα2–6-sialyltransferase (Pd2,6ST). 309 Neu5Acα2–6Lac (6’SL) can also be synthesized similarly using the same OP3E system as shown for the synthesis of 6’SL derivatives. A review of 6 studies including 255 people linked vegetarian diets to significant reductions in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a marker of long-term blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes ( 5).Some fermented foods are pasteurized after fermentation, which kills all live bacteria and allows for a longer storage time. However, these foods don’t provide the health benefits of live bacteria cultures.