For elastic verification the yield criterion in EN1993-1-1 §6.2.1(5) is applied, i.e. the shear stress τ is limited the steel yield stress in pure shear f y / √3: The shear stress due to St. Venant torsion is derived from the theory of elasticity as specified above. The geometric quantities include the total area of the cross section A and the second moments of the area I, which is constant for any axis of bending due to symmetry. Due to symmetry the centroid of the cross-section (center of mass) as well as the shear center are located at the center.

The basic geometric properties of the cross-section are calculated by using the fundamental relations of mechanics.The design elastic bending moment resistance of the cross-section is specified in EN1993-1-1 §6.2.5(2). The design plastic resistance of the cross-section in uniform compression for cross-section class 1, 2, 3 is specified in EN1993-1-1 §6.2.4(2). Class 1: Plastic bending moment resistance develops and plastic hinge develops with rotation capacity adequate for plastic analysis.

Keyboard Control: You can use the calculator without a mouse by tabbing among the calculator keys. Press "Enter" when a key is focused. This method can be arduous however, since you must tab through all keys in sequence. In general the overall element resistance is smaller and must be verified according to the relevant clauses of EN1993-1-1 Section 6.For the case of circular hollow sections that cannot be classified as Class 3 their strength and stability verifications should be based on EN 1993-1-6: Strength and Stability of Shell Structures This basic online calculator is similar to a small handheld calculator and has the standard four functions for addition, subtraction, division and multiplication. Like most 4-function calculators it also includes keys for percent, square, square root and pi. This basic calculator has decimal precision up to 10 digits and offers these functions: