a b c Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp.152–, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7, archived from the original on 22 September 2023 , retrieved 15 July 2019

Verghese, Ajay; Foa, Roberto Stefan (5 November 2018). "Precolonial Ethnic Violence:The Case of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India" (PDF). Boston University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2023 . Retrieved 7 April 2023.Sivramkrishna, Sashi (2009). "Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence". Journal of the Economic and Social History. 52 (4): 726. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022 . Retrieved 22 January 2021. a b c Irfan Habib; Dharma Kumar; Tapan Raychaudhuri (1987). The Cambridge Economic History of India (PDF). Vol.1. Cambridge University Press. p.170. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 August 2017. The empire was divided into Subah (provinces), each of which were headed by a provincial governor called a subadar. The structure of the central government was mirrored at the provincial level; each suba had its own bakhshi, sadr as-sudr, and finance minister that reported directly to the central government rather than the subahdar. Subas were subdivided into administrative units known as sarkars, which were further divided into groups of villages known as parganas. Mughal government in the pargana consisted of a Muslim judge and local tax collector. [77] [88] Parganas were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal empire. [90]

The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century British India, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy. [111] In terms of urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively. [112] Muhammad Yasin (1958). A Social History of Islamic India, 1605–1748. Upper India Publishing House. p.18. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023 . Retrieved 27 March 2023. became virtual rulers and 'de facto' sovereigns when they began to make and unmake emperors. They had developed a sort of common brotherhood among themselves

List of Mughal Emperors in India (1526-1857)

Richards, J.F. (1981). "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 23 (2): 285–308. doi: 10.1017/s0010417500013311. JSTOR 178737. S2CID 154809724. a b "BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism". BBC. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2021.

Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp.186–, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7, archived from the original on 22 September 2023 , retrieved 15 July 2019 Quote: "The elite spent more and more money on luxury goods, and sumptuous lifestyles, and the rulers built entire new capital cities at times."The revolt united thousands of Hindu and Muslim troops who chose then-Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar II, as their nominal head. a b c Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona: Volumes 51-53. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 1970. p.94. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 March 2023. The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk. If it had the power, it would have crushed him. To save himself from the hostile intentions of the Emperor, the Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat. As revealed in the anecdotes narrated b Lala Mansaram, the Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army operating in Malwa and Gujarat as his own Schmidt, Karl J. (2015). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47681-8.