a b Turner, Julia (July 29, 2013). "A Brief History of the Bikini". Slate . Retrieved August 27, 2013. a b "Operation Crossroads: Fact Sheet". Department of the Navy—Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012 . Retrieved August 13, 2013. a b Bennett, Will (January 13, 2011). "Former Bond girl to sell Dr No bikini". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022 . Retrieved May 16, 2011. Stewart, Elizabeth Gunther; Spencer, Paula (2002). The V book: a doctor's guide to complete vulvovaginal health (Bantam trade pbk.ed.). New York: Bantam Books. p.104. ISBN 978-0-553-38114-6. In 1985, designer Rudi Gernreich unveiled the "pubikini," a bathing suit meant to expose pubic hair. Indian women generally wear bikinis when they vacation abroad or in Goa without the family. But, despite the conservative ideas prevalent in India, bikinis also become more popular in summer when women, from Bollywood stars to the middle class, take up swimming, often in a public space. [135] [136] A lot of tankinis, shorts and single-piece swimsuits are sold in the summer, [135] along with real bikinis and bandeaukinis. [137] The maximum sales for bikinis happen in the winter, the honeymoon season. [135] For more coverage, designers Shivan Bhatiya and Narresh Kukreja invented the bikini- saree popularised by TV anchor Mandira Bedi. [137]

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Claudia Mitchell; Jacqueline Reid-Walsh (2008). Girl Culture: Studying girl culture: a readers' guide Volume 1 of Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp.434–435. ISBN 978-0-313-33909-7. By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the Chinese bikini industry became a serious international threat for the Brazilian bikini industry. [138] Huludao, Liaoning, China set the world record for the largest bikini parade in 2012, with 1,085 participants and a photo shoot involving 3,090 women. [139] [140] " Beijing Bikini" refers to the Chinese urban practice of men rolling up their shirts to expose their midriff to cool off in public in the summer. [141] In Japan, wearing a bikini is common on the beach and at baths or pools. But, according to a 2013 study, 94% women are not body confident enough to wear a bikini in public without resorting to sarongs, zip-up sweatshirts, T-shirts, or shorts. [142] Japanese women also often wear a " facekini" to protect their face from sunburns. [143] Gurmit Singh; Ishtla Singh (2013). The History of English. Routledge. pp.13–14. ISBN 978-1-4441-1924-4. Navel Maneuvers – The Bikini Breakout". Bikini Science. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013 . Retrieved December 13, 2013. Foster, Ruth (June 2007). Nonfiction Reading Comprehension: Social Studies, Grade 5. Teacher Created Resources. p.130. ISBN 978-1-4206-8030-0 . Retrieved July 5, 2011.In the summer of 1946, Western Europeans enjoyed their first war-free summer in many years. French designers sought to deliver fashions that matched the liberated mood of the people. [47] Fabric was still in short supply, [49] and in an endeavor to resurrect swimwear sales, two French designers– Jacques Heim and Louis Réard– almost simultaneously launched new two-piece swimsuit designs in 1946. [50] [51] Heim launched a two-piece swimsuit design in Paris that he called the atome, after the smallest known particle of matter. He announced that it was the "world's smallest bathing suit." [47] [52] Although briefer than the two-piece swimsuits of the 1930s, the bottom of Heim's new two-piece beach costume still covered the wearer's navel. [49] [53] [54] [55]

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Stuart B. Chirls, " Americans head for the water – in, on and under", Daily News Record, July 31, 1989 Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public. [44] Hollywood endorsed the new glamor in films like 1949's Neptune's Daughter in which Esther Williams wore provocatively named costumes such as "Double Entendre" and "Honey Child". [45]Photos: On this day – July 5, 1946 – the first bikini goes on sale". New Haven Register. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013 . Retrieved August 22, 2013. Beard, Mary; Henderson, John (2001). Classical Art. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-284237-4. Rachel Lopez, " From Bollywood to middle class India, no one is afraid of wearing bikini", Hindustan Times, May 15, 2016 Photographs of Bernardini and articles about the event were widely carried by the press. The International Herald Tribune alone ran nine stories on the event. [63] French newspaper Le Figaro wrote, "People were craving the simple pleasures of the sea and the sun. For women, wearing a bikini signaled a kind of second liberation. There was really nothing sexual about this. It was instead a celebration of freedom and a return to the joys in life." [38] One feminist viewpoint sees the bikini uniform as objectification of women athletes. [197] US beach volleyball player Gabrielle Reece described the bikini bottoms as uncomfortable with constant "yanking and fiddling." [196] [207] Many female beach volleyball players have sustained injuries by over-training the abdominal muscles while many others have gone through augmentation mammoplasty to look appealing in their uniforms. [197] Australian competitor Nicole Sanderson said about match break entertainment that "it's kind of disrespectful to the female players. I'm sure the male spectators love it, but I find it a little bit offensive." [208]

mankini photos on Flickr | Flickr mankini photos on Flickr | Flickr

Mitchell, Claudia A.; Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline (2008). Girl Culture an Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p.82. ISBN 978-0-313-08444-7.

Marcus, Ben; Divine, Jeff (2005). Surfing USA!: An Illustrated History of the Coolest Sport of All Time. MVP Books. p.60. ISBN 978-0-89658-690-1. Gray, Emma (August 2, 2012). "Beach Volleyball Photos Focus On Women's Body Parts – Not Their Athletic Skills". Huffington Post . Retrieved August 17, 2013.